commit 1

Ruby: Reduce non-linear recursion in CFG completion library

.codeqlmanifest.json

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
         "misc/legacy-support/*/qlpack.yml",
         "misc/suite-helpers/qlpack.yml",
         "ruby/extractor-pack/codeql-extractor.yml",
-        "ruby/ql/consistency-queries/qlpack.yml"
+        "ruby/ql/consistency-queries/qlpack.yml",
+        "ql/ql/consistency-queries/qlpack.yml",
+        "ql/extractor-pack/codeql-extractor.yml"
     ],
     "versionPolicies": {
       "default": {

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -26,3 +26,6 @@ documentation:
   - "**/*.qhelp"
   - "**/*.md"
   - docs/**/*
+
+"QL-for-QL": 
+  - ql/**/*

.github/workflows/check-change-note.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ on:
       - "*/ql/src/**/*.ql"
       - "*/ql/src/**/*.qll"
       - "!**/experimental/**"
+      - "!ql/**"
 
 jobs:
   check-change-note:

.github/workflows/ql-for-ql-build.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+name: Run QL for QL
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  queries:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Find codeql
+        id: find-codeql
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@erik-krogh/ql
+        with:
+          languages: javascript # does not matter
+      - name: Get CodeQL version
+        id: get-codeql-version
+        run: |
+          echo "::set-output name=version::$("${CODEQL}" --version | head -n 1 | rev | cut -d " " -f 1 | rev)"
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - name: Cache queries
+        id: cache-queries
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/query-pack.zip
+          key: queries-${{ hashFiles('ql/**/*.ql*') }}-${{ hashFiles('ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme*') }}-${{ steps.get-codeql-version.outputs.version }}
+      - name: Build query pack
+        if: steps.cache-queries.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          cd ql/ql/src
+          "${CODEQL}" pack create
+          cd .codeql/pack/codeql/ql-all/0.0.0
+          zip "${PACKZIP}" -r .
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+          PACKZIP: ${{ runner.temp }}/query-pack.zip
+      - name: Upload query pack
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: query-pack-zip
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/query-pack.zip
+
+  extractors:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Cache entire extractor
+        id: cache-extractor
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ql/target/release/ql-autobuilder
+            ql/target/release/ql-autobuilder.exe
+            ql/target/release/ql-extractor
+            ql/target/release/ql-extractor.exe
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-extractor-${{ hashFiles('ql/**/Cargo.lock') }}-${{ hashFiles('ql/**/*.rs') }}
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo/registry
+            ~/.cargo/git
+            ql/target
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-rust-cargo-${{ hashFiles('ql/**/Cargo.lock') }}
+      - name: Check formatting
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cd ql; cargo fmt --all -- --check
+      - name: Build
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cd ql; cargo build --verbose
+      - name: Run tests
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cd ql; cargo test --verbose
+      - name: Release build
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cd ql; cargo build --release
+      - name: Generate dbscheme
+        if: steps.cache-extractor.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: ql/target/release/ql-generator --dbscheme ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme --library ql/ql/src/codeql_ql/ast/internal/TreeSitter.qll
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: extractor-ubuntu-latest
+          path: |
+            ql/target/release/ql-autobuilder
+            ql/target/release/ql-autobuilder.exe
+            ql/target/release/ql-extractor
+            ql/target/release/ql-extractor.exe
+          retention-days: 1
+  package:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    needs:
+      - extractors
+      - queries
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: query-pack-zip
+          path: query-pack-zip
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: extractor-ubuntu-latest
+          path: linux64
+      - run: |
+          unzip query-pack-zip/*.zip -d pack
+          cp -r ql/codeql-extractor.yml ql/tools ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme.stats pack/
+          mkdir -p pack/tools/linux64
+          if [[ -f linux64/ql-autobuilder ]]; then
+            cp linux64/ql-autobuilder pack/tools/linux64/autobuilder
+            chmod +x pack/tools/linux64/autobuilder
+          fi
+          if [[ -f linux64/ql-extractor ]]; then
+            cp linux64/ql-extractor pack/tools/linux64/extractor
+            chmod +x pack/tools/linux64/extractor
+          fi
+          cd pack
+          zip -rq ../codeql-ql.zip .
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: codeql-ql-pack
+          path: codeql-ql.zip
+          retention-days: 1
+  analyze:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        folder: [cpp, csharp, java, javascript, python, ql, ruby]
+
+    needs:
+      - package
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Download pack
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: codeql-ql-pack
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/codeql-ql-pack-artifact
+
+      - name: Prepare pack
+        run: |
+          unzip "${PACK_ARTIFACT}/*.zip" -d "${PACK}"
+        env:
+          PACK_ARTIFACT: ${{ runner.temp }}/codeql-ql-pack-artifact
+          PACK: ${{ runner.temp }}/pack
+      - name: Hack codeql-action options
+        run: |
+          JSON=$(jq -nc --arg pack "${PACK}" '.resolve.queries=["--search-path", $pack] | .resolve.extractor=["--search-path", $pack] | .database.init=["--search-path", $pack]')
+          echo "CODEQL_ACTION_EXTRA_OPTIONS=${JSON}" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
+        env:
+          PACK: ${{ runner.temp }}/pack
+
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Create CodeQL config file
+        run: |
+          echo "paths:" > ${CONF}
+          echo "  - ${FOLDER}" >> ${CONF}
+          echo "paths-ignore:" >> ${CONF}
+          echo "  - ql/ql/test" >> ${CONF}
+          echo "Config file: "
+          cat ${CONF}
+        env: 
+          CONF: ./ql-for-ql-config.yml
+          FOLDER: ${{ matrix.folder }}
+
+      - name: Initialize CodeQL
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@erik-krogh/ql
+        with:
+          languages: ql
+          db-location: ${{ runner.temp }}/db
+          config-file: ./ql-for-ql-config.yml
+
+      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@erik-krogh/ql
+        with: 
+          category: "ql-for-ql-${{ matrix.folder }}"
+

.github/workflows/ql-for-ql-dataset_measure.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+name: Collect database stats for QL for QL
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  measure:
+    env:
+      CODEQL_THREADS: 4 # TODO: remove this once it's set by the CLI
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        repo: 
+          - github/codeql
+          - github/codeql-go
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - name: Find codeql
+        id: find-codeql
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@erik-krogh/ql
+        with:
+          languages: javascript # does not matter
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo/registry
+            ~/.cargo/git
+            ql/target
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-qltest-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+      - name: Build Extractor
+        run: cd ql; env "PATH=$PATH:`dirname ${CODEQL}`" ./create-extractor-pack.sh
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - name: Checkout ${{ matrix.repo }}
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          repository: ${{ matrix.repo }}
+          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/repo
+      - name: Create database
+        run: |
+          "${CODEQL}" database create \
+            --search-path "ql/extractor-pack" \
+            --threads 4 \
+            --language ql --source-root "${{ github.workspace }}/repo" \
+            "${{ runner.temp }}/database"
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - name: Measure database
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p "stats/${{ matrix.repo }}"
+          "${CODEQL}" dataset measure --threads 4 --output "stats/${{ matrix.repo }}/stats.xml" "${{ runner.temp }}/database/db-ql"
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: measurements
+          path: stats
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  merge:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: measure
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: measurements
+          path: stats
+      - run: |
+          python -m pip install --user lxml
+          find stats -name 'stats.xml' -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 python ql/scripts/merge_stats.py --output ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme.stats --normalise ql_tokeninfo
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: ql.dbscheme.stats
+          path: ql/ql/src/ql.dbscheme.stats

.github/workflows/ql-for-ql-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: Run QL for QL Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - "ql/**"
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - "ql/**"
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  qltest:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Find codeql
+        id: find-codeql
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@erik-krogh/ql
+        with:
+          languages: javascript # does not matter
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo/registry
+            ~/.cargo/git
+            ql/target
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-qltest-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+      - name: Build extractor
+        run: |
+          cd ql;
+          codeqlpath=$(dirname ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }});
+          env "PATH=$PATH:$codeqlpath" ./create-extractor-pack.sh
+      - name: Run QL tests
+        run: | 
+          "${CODEQL}" test run --check-databases --check-unused-labels --check-repeated-labels --check-redefined-labels --check-use-before-definition --search-path "${{ github.workspace }}/ql/extractor-pack" --consistency-queries ql/ql/consistency-queries ql/ql/test
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - name: Check QL formatting
+        run: | 
+          find ql/ql "(" -name "*.ql" -or -name "*.qll" ")" -print0 | xargs -0 "${CODEQL}" query format --check-only
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      - name: Check QL compilation
+        run: | 
+          "${CODEQL}" query compile --check-only --threads=4 --warnings=error --search-path "${{ github.workspace }}/ql/extractor-pack" "ql/ql/src" "ql/ql/examples"
+        env:
+          CODEQL: ${{ steps.find-codeql.outputs.codeql-path }}

.github/workflows/ruby-dataset-measure.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        repo: [rails/rails, discourse/discourse, spree/spree]
+        repo: [rails/rails, discourse/discourse, spree/spree, ruby/ruby]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2

CODEOWNERS

@@ -25,3 +25,6 @@
 /docs/codeql-for-visual-studio-code/ @github/codeql-vscode-reviewers
 /docs/ql-language-reference/ @github/codeql-frontend-reviewers
 /docs/query-*-style-guide.md @github/codeql-analysis-reviewers
+
+# QL for QL reviewers
+/ql/ @erik-krogh @tausbn

cpp/autobuilder/Semmle.Autobuild.Cpp/Semmle.Autobuild.Cpp.csproj

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build" Version="16.9.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build" Version="16.11.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

cpp/change-notes/2021-10-07-cleartext-transmission.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+lgtm,codescanning
+* The "Cleartext transmission of sensitive information" (`cpp/cleartext-transmission`) query has been improved, reducing the number of false positive results when encryption is present.

cpp/change-notes/2021-11-25-certificate-not-checked.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+lgtm,codescanning
+* A new query `cpp/certificate-not-checked` has been added for C/C++. The query flags unsafe use of OpenSSL and similar libraries.

cpp/change-notes/2021-11-25-certificate-result-conflation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+lgtm,codescanning
+* A new query `cpp/certificate-result-conflation` has been added for C/C++. The query flags unsafe use of OpenSSL and similar libraries.

cpp/ql/lib/DefaultOptions.qll

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Options extends string {
    *   __assume(0);
    * ```
    * (note that in this case if the hint is wrong and the expression is reached at
-   * runtime, the program's behaviour is undefined)
+   * runtime, the program's behavior is undefined)
    */
   predicate exprExits(Expr e) {
     e.(AssumeExpr).getChild(0).(CompileTimeConstantInt).getIntValue() = 0 or

cpp/ql/lib/Options.qll

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class CustomOptions extends Options {
    *   __assume(0);
    * ```
    * (note that in this case if the hint is wrong and the expression is reached at
-   * runtime, the program's behaviour is undefined)
+   * runtime, the program's behavior is undefined)
    */
   override predicate exprExits(Expr e) { Options.super.exprExits(e) }
 

cpp/ql/lib/experimental/semmle/code/cpp/rangeanalysis/InBoundsPointerDeref.qll

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  * `Instruction` level), and then using the array length analysis and the range
  * analysis together to prove that some of these pointer dereferences are safe.
  *
- * The analysis is soundy, i.e. it is sound if no undefined behaviour is present
+ * The analysis is soundy, i.e. it is sound if no undefined behavior is present
  * in the program.
  * Furthermore, it crucially depends on the soundiness of the range analysis and
  * the array length analysis.

cpp/ql/lib/qlpack.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 name: codeql/cpp-all
-version: 0.0.4
+version: 0.0.5-dev
 groups: cpp
 dbscheme: semmlecode.cpp.dbscheme
 extractor: cpp
 library: true
 dependencies:
-  codeql/cpp-upgrades: 0.0.3
+  codeql/cpp-upgrades: ^0.0.3

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/commons/Printf.qll

@@ -9,6 +9,83 @@ import semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.FormattingFunction
 private import semmle.code.cpp.rangeanalysis.SimpleRangeAnalysis
 private import semmle.code.cpp.rangeanalysis.RangeAnalysisUtils
 
+private newtype TBufferWriteEstimationReason =
+  TNoSpecifiedEstimateReason() or
+  TTypeBoundsAnalysis() or
+  TValueFlowAnalysis()
+
+/**
+ * A reason for a specific buffer write size estimate.
+ */
+abstract class BufferWriteEstimationReason extends TBufferWriteEstimationReason {
+  /**
+   * Returns the name of the concrete class.
+   */
+  abstract string toString();
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a human readable representation of this reason.
+   */
+  abstract string getDescription();
+
+  /**
+   * Combine estimate reasons. Used to give a reason for the size of a format string
+   * conversion given reasons coming from its individual specifiers.
+   */
+  abstract BufferWriteEstimationReason combineWith(BufferWriteEstimationReason other);
+}
+
+/**
+ * No particular reason given. This is currently used for backward compatibility so that
+ * classes derived from BufferWrite and overriding `getMaxData/0` still work with the
+ * queries as intended.
+ */
+class NoSpecifiedEstimateReason extends BufferWriteEstimationReason, TNoSpecifiedEstimateReason {
+  override string toString() { result = "NoSpecifiedEstimateReason" }
+
+  override string getDescription() { result = "no reason specified" }
+
+  override BufferWriteEstimationReason combineWith(BufferWriteEstimationReason other) {
+    // this reason should not be used in format specifiers, so it should not be combined
+    // with other reasons
+    none()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The estimation comes from rough bounds just based on the type (e.g.
+ * `0 <= x < 2^32` for an unsigned 32 bit integer).
+ */
+class TypeBoundsAnalysis extends BufferWriteEstimationReason, TTypeBoundsAnalysis {
+  override string toString() { result = "TypeBoundsAnalysis" }
+
+  override string getDescription() { result = "based on type bounds" }
+
+  override BufferWriteEstimationReason combineWith(BufferWriteEstimationReason other) {
+    other != TNoSpecifiedEstimateReason() and result = TTypeBoundsAnalysis()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The estimation comes from non trivial bounds found via actual flow analysis.
+ * For example
+ * ```
+ * unsigned u = x;
+ * if (u < 1000) {
+ *    //...  <- estimation done here based on u
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+class ValueFlowAnalysis extends BufferWriteEstimationReason, TValueFlowAnalysis {
+  override string toString() { result = "ValueFlowAnalysis" }
+
+  override string getDescription() { result = "based on flow analysis of value bounds" }
+
+  override BufferWriteEstimationReason combineWith(BufferWriteEstimationReason other) {
+    other != TNoSpecifiedEstimateReason() and result = other
+  }
+}
+
 class PrintfFormatAttribute extends FormatAttribute {
   PrintfFormatAttribute() { this.getArchetype() = ["printf", "__printf__"] }
 }
@@ -990,7 +1067,14 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
    * conversion specifier of this format string; has no result if this cannot
    * be determined.
    */
-  int getMaxConvertedLength(int n) {
+  int getMaxConvertedLength(int n) { result = max(getMaxConvertedLength(n, _)) }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by the nth
+   * conversion specifier of this format string, specifying the estimation reason;
+   * has no result if this cannot be determined.
+   */
+  int getMaxConvertedLength(int n, BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     exists(int len |
       (
         (
@@ -1002,10 +1086,12 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
       ) and
       (
         this.getConversionChar(n) = "%" and
-        len = 1
+        len = 1 and
+        reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "c" and
-        len = 1 // e.g. 'a'
+        len = 1 and
+        reason = TValueFlowAnalysis() // e.g. 'a'
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "f" and
         exists(int dot, int afterdot |
@@ -1019,7 +1105,8 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
             afterdot = 6
           ) and
           len = 1 + 309 + dot + afterdot
-        ) // e.g. -1e308="-100000"...
+        ) and
+        reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis() // e.g. -1e308="-100000"...
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "e" and
         exists(int dot, int afterdot |
@@ -1033,7 +1120,8 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
             afterdot = 6
           ) and
           len = 1 + 1 + dot + afterdot + 1 + 1 + 3
-        ) // -1e308="-1.000000e+308"
+        ) and
+        reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis() // -1e308="-1.000000e+308"
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "g" and
         exists(int dot, int afterdot |
@@ -1056,67 +1144,80 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
           //       (e.g. 123456, 0.000123456 are just OK)
           //       so case %f can be at most P characters + 4 zeroes, sign, dot = P + 6
           len = (afterdot.maximum(1) + 6).maximum(1 + 1 + dot + afterdot + 1 + 1 + 3)
-        ) // (e.g. "-1.59203e-319")
+        ) and
+        reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis() // (e.g. "-1.59203e-319")
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = ["d", "i"] and
         // e.g. -2^31 = "-2147483648"
-        len =
+        exists(float typeBasedBound, float valueBasedBound |
-          min(float cand |
+          // The first case handles length sub-specifiers
-            // The first case handles length sub-specifiers
+          // Subtract one in the exponent because one bit is for the sign.
-            // Subtract one in the exponent because one bit is for the sign.
+          // Add 1 to account for the possible sign in the output.
-            // Add 1 to account for the possible sign in the output.
+          typeBasedBound =
-            cand = 1 + lengthInBase10(2.pow(this.getIntegralDisplayType(n).getSize() * 8 - 1))
+            1 + lengthInBase10(2.pow(this.getIntegralDisplayType(n).getSize() * 8 - 1)) and
-            or
+          // The second case uses range analysis to deduce a length that's shorter than the length
-            // The second case uses range analysis to deduce a length that's shorter than the length
+          // of the number -2^31.
-            // of the number -2^31.
+          exists(Expr arg, float lower, float upper, float typeLower, float typeUpper |
-            exists(Expr arg, float lower, float upper |
+            arg = this.getUse().getConversionArgument(n) and
-              arg = this.getUse().getConversionArgument(n) and
+            lower = lowerBound(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-              lower = lowerBound(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
+            upper = upperBound(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-              upper = upperBound(arg.getFullyConverted())
+            typeLower = exprMinVal(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-            |
+            typeUpper = exprMaxVal(arg.getFullyConverted())
-              cand =
+          |
-                max(int cand0 |
+            valueBasedBound =
-                  // Include the sign bit in the length if it can be negative
+              max(int cand |
-                  (
+                // Include the sign bit in the length if it can be negative
-                    if lower < 0
+                (
-                    then cand0 = 1 + lengthInBase10(lower.abs())
+                  if lower < 0
-                    else cand0 = lengthInBase10(lower)
+                  then cand = 1 + lengthInBase10(lower.abs())
-                  )
+                  else cand = lengthInBase10(lower)
-                  or
-                  (
-                    if upper < 0
-                    then cand0 = 1 + lengthInBase10(upper.abs())
-                    else cand0 = lengthInBase10(upper)
-                  )
                 )
+                or
+                (
+                  if upper < 0
+                  then cand = 1 + lengthInBase10(upper.abs())
+                  else cand = lengthInBase10(upper)
+                )
+              ) and
+            (
+              if lower > typeLower or upper < typeUpper
+              then reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
+              else reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis()
             )
-          )
+          ) and
+          len = valueBasedBound.minimum(typeBasedBound)
+        )
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "u" and
         // e.g. 2^32 - 1 = "4294967295"
-        len =
+        exists(float typeBasedBound, float valueBasedBound |
-          min(float cand |
+          // The first case handles length sub-specifiers
-            // The first case handles length sub-specifiers
+          typeBasedBound = lengthInBase10(2.pow(this.getIntegralDisplayType(n).getSize() * 8) - 1) and
-            cand = 2.pow(this.getIntegralDisplayType(n).getSize() * 8)
+          // The second case uses range analysis to deduce a length that's shorter than
-            or
+          // the length of the number 2^31 - 1.
-            // The second case uses range analysis to deduce a length that's shorter than
+          exists(Expr arg, float lower, float upper, float typeLower, float typeUpper |
-            // the length of the number 2^31 - 1.
+            arg = this.getUse().getConversionArgument(n) and
-            exists(Expr arg, float lower |
+            lower = lowerBound(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-              arg = this.getUse().getConversionArgument(n) and
+            upper = upperBound(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-              lower = lowerBound(arg.getFullyConverted())
+            typeLower = exprMinVal(arg.getFullyConverted()) and
-            |
+            typeUpper = exprMaxVal(arg.getFullyConverted())
-              cand =
+          |
-                max(float cand0 |
+            valueBasedBound =
+              lengthInBase10(max(float cand |
                   // If lower can be negative we use `(unsigned)-1` as the candidate value.
                   lower < 0 and
-                  cand0 = 2.pow(any(IntType t | t.isUnsigned()).getSize() * 8)
+                  cand = 2.pow(any(IntType t | t.isUnsigned()).getSize() * 8)
                   or
-                  cand0 = upperBound(arg.getFullyConverted())
+                  cand = upper
-                )
+                )) and
+            (
+              if lower > typeLower or upper < typeUpper
+              then reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
+              else reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis()
             )
-          |
+          ) and
-            lengthInBase10(cand)
+          len = valueBasedBound.minimum(typeBasedBound)
-          )
+        )
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "x" and
         // e.g. "12345678"
@@ -1135,7 +1236,8 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
           (
             if this.hasAlternateFlag(n) then len = 2 + baseLen else len = baseLen // "0x"
           )
-        )
+        ) and
+        reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis()
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "p" and
         exists(PointerType ptrType, int baseLen |
@@ -1144,7 +1246,8 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
           (
             if this.hasAlternateFlag(n) then len = 2 + baseLen else len = baseLen // "0x"
           )
-        )
+        ) and
+        reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "o" and
         // e.g. 2^32 - 1 = "37777777777"
@@ -1163,14 +1266,16 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
           (
             if this.hasAlternateFlag(n) then len = 1 + baseLen else len = baseLen // "0"
           )
-        )
+        ) and
+        reason = TTypeBoundsAnalysis()
         or
         this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "s" and
         len =
           min(int v |
             v = this.getPrecision(n) or
             v = this.getUse().getFormatArgument(n).(AnalysedString).getMaxLength() - 1 // (don't count null terminator)
-          )
+          ) and
+        reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
       )
     )
   }
@@ -1182,10 +1287,19 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
    * determining whether a buffer overflow is caused by long float to string
    * conversions.
    */
-  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(int n) {
+  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(int n) { result = max(getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(n, _)) }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by the nth
+   * conversion specifier of this format string, specifying the reason for the
+   * estimation, except that float to string conversions are assumed to be 8
+   * characters.  This is helpful for determining whether a buffer overflow is
+   * caused by long float to string conversions.
+   */
+  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(int n, BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     if this.getConversionChar(n).toLowerCase() = "f"
-    then result = this.getMaxConvertedLength(n).minimum(8)
+    then result = this.getMaxConvertedLength(n, reason).minimum(8)
-    else result = this.getMaxConvertedLength(n)
+    else result = this.getMaxConvertedLength(n, reason)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1225,29 +1339,35 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
     )
   }
 
-  private int getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(int n) {
+  private int getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(int n, BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     if n = this.getNumConvSpec()
-    then result = this.getConstantSuffix().length() + 1
+    then result = this.getConstantSuffix().length() + 1 and reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
     else
-      result =
+      exists(BufferWriteEstimationReason headReason, BufferWriteEstimationReason tailReason |
-        this.getConstantPart(n).length() + this.getMaxConvertedLength(n) +
+        result =
-          this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(n + 1)
+          this.getConstantPart(n).length() + this.getMaxConvertedLength(n, headReason) +
+            this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(n + 1, tailReason) and
+        reason = headReason.combineWith(tailReason)
+      )
   }
 
-  private int getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(int n) {
+  private int getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(int n, BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     if n = this.getNumConvSpec()
-    then result = this.getConstantSuffix().length() + 1
+    then result = this.getConstantSuffix().length() + 1 and reason = TValueFlowAnalysis()
     else
-      result =
+      exists(BufferWriteEstimationReason headReason, BufferWriteEstimationReason tailReason |
-        this.getConstantPart(n).length() + this.getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(n) +
+        result =
-          this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(n + 1)
+          this.getConstantPart(n).length() + this.getMaxConvertedLengthLimited(n, headReason) +
+            this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(n + 1, tailReason) and
+        reason = headReason.combineWith(tailReason)
+      )
   }
 
   /**
    * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by this format
    * string.  Has no result if this cannot be determined.
    */
-  int getMaxConvertedLength() { result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(0) }
+  int getMaxConvertedLength() { result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(0, _) }
 
   /**
    * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by this format
@@ -1255,5 +1375,24 @@ class FormatLiteral extends Literal {
    * characters.  This is helpful for determining whether a buffer overflow
    * is caused by long float to string conversions.
    */
-  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimited() { result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(0) }
+  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimited() { result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(0, _) }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by this format
+   * string, specifying the reason for the estimate. Has no result if no estimate
+   * can be found.
+   */
+  int getMaxConvertedLengthWithReason(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfter(0, reason)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the maximum length of the string that can be produced by this format
+   * string, specifying the reason for the estimate, except that float to string
+   * conversions are assumed to be 8 characters.  This is helpful for determining
+   * whether a buffer overflow is caused by long float to string conversions.
+   */
+  int getMaxConvertedLengthLimitedWithReason(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    result = this.getMaxConvertedLengthAfterLimited(0, reason)
+  }
 }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/controlflow/SSAUtils.qll

@@ -153,9 +153,11 @@ library class SSAHelper extends int {
    * Modern Compiler Implementation by Andrew Appel.
    */
   private predicate frontier_phi_node(StackVariable v, BasicBlock b) {
-    exists(BasicBlock x | dominanceFrontier(x, b) and ssa_defn_rec(v, x)) and
+    exists(BasicBlock x |
+      dominanceFrontier(x, b) and ssa_defn_rec(pragma[only_bind_into](v), pragma[only_bind_into](x))
+    ) and
     /* We can also eliminate those nodes where the variable is not live on any incoming edge */
-    live_at_start_of_bb(v, b)
+    live_at_start_of_bb(pragma[only_bind_into](v), b)
   }
 
   private predicate ssa_defn_rec(StackVariable v, BasicBlock b) {

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/controlflow/internal/ConstantExprs.qll

@@ -626,9 +626,9 @@ library class ExprEvaluator extends int {
       // All assignments must have the same int value
       result =
         unique(Expr value |
-          value = v.getAnAssignedValue() and not ignoreVariableAssignment(e, v, value)
+          value = v.getAnAssignedValue() and not this.ignoreVariableAssignment(e, v, value)
         |
-          getValueInternalNonSubExpr(value)
+          this.getValueInternalNonSubExpr(value)
         )
     )
   }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 private import cpp
+private import semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.internal.DataFlowPrivate
+private import semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.internal.DataFlowUtil
 
 /**
  * Gets a function that might be called by `call`.
@@ -63,3 +65,17 @@ predicate mayBenefitFromCallContext(Call call, Function f) { none() }
  * restricted to those `call`s for which a context might make a difference.
  */
 Function viableImplInCallContext(Call call, Call ctx) { none() }
+
+/** A parameter position represented by an integer. */
+class ParameterPosition extends int {
+  ParameterPosition() { any(ParameterNode p).isParameterOf(_, this) }
+}
+
+/** An argument position represented by an integer. */
+class ArgumentPosition extends int {
+  ArgumentPosition() { any(ArgumentNode a).argumentOf(_, this) }
+}
+
+/** Holds if arguments at position `apos` match parameters at position `ppos`. */
+pragma[inline]
+predicate parameterMatch(ParameterPosition ppos, ArgumentPosition apos) { ppos = apos }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl2.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl3.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl4.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImplCommon.qll

@@ -62,6 +62,18 @@ predicate accessPathCostLimits(int apLimit, int tupleLimit) {
   tupleLimit = 1000
 }
 
+/**
+ * Holds if `arg` is an argument of `call` with an argument position that matches
+ * parameter position `ppos`.
+ */
+pragma[noinline]
+predicate argumentPositionMatch(DataFlowCall call, ArgNode arg, ParameterPosition ppos) {
+  exists(ArgumentPosition apos |
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
+  )
+}
+
 /**
  * Provides a simple data-flow analysis for resolving lambda calls. The analysis
  * currently excludes read-steps, store-steps, and flow-through.
@@ -71,25 +83,27 @@ predicate accessPathCostLimits(int apLimit, int tupleLimit) {
  * calls. For this reason, we cannot reuse the code from `DataFlowImpl.qll` directly.
  */
 private module LambdaFlow {
-  private predicate viableParamNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  pragma[noinline]
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallable(call), i)
+  private predicate viableParamNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallable(call), ppos)
   }
 
-  private predicate viableParamLambda(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  pragma[noinline]
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableLambda(call, _), i)
+  private predicate viableParamLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableLambda(call, _), ppos)
   }
 
   private predicate viableParamArgNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParamNonLambda(call, i, p) and
+      viableParamNonLambda(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i)
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos)
     )
   }
 
   private predicate viableParamArgLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParamLambda(call, i, p) and
+      viableParamLambda(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i)
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos)
     )
   }
 
@@ -322,7 +336,7 @@ private module Cached {
     or
     exists(ArgNode arg |
       result.(PostUpdateNode).getPreUpdateNode() = arg and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, k.(ParamUpdateReturnKind).getPosition())
+      arg.argumentOf(call, k.(ParamUpdateReturnKind).getAMatchingArgumentPosition())
     )
   }
 
@@ -330,7 +344,7 @@ private module Cached {
   predicate returnNodeExt(Node n, ReturnKindExt k) {
     k = TValueReturn(n.(ReturnNode).getKind())
     or
-    exists(ParamNode p, int pos |
+    exists(ParamNode p, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterValueFlowsToPreUpdate(p, n) and
       p.isParameterOf(_, pos) and
       k = TParamUpdate(pos)
@@ -352,11 +366,13 @@ private module Cached {
   }
 
   cached
-  predicate parameterNode(Node p, DataFlowCallable c, int pos) { isParameterNode(p, c, pos) }
+  predicate parameterNode(Node p, DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
+    isParameterNode(p, c, pos)
+  }
 
   cached
-  predicate argumentNode(Node n, DataFlowCall call, int pos) {
+  predicate argumentNode(Node n, DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {
-    n.(ArgumentNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
+    isArgumentNode(n, call, pos)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -374,12 +390,12 @@ private module Cached {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Holds if `p` is the `i`th parameter of a viable dispatch target of `call`.
+   * Holds if `p` is the parameter of a viable dispatch target of `call`,
-   * The instance parameter is considered to have index `-1`.
+   * and `p` has position `ppos`.
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
-  private predicate viableParam(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  private predicate viableParam(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableExt(call), i)
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableExt(call), ppos)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -388,9 +404,9 @@ private module Cached {
    */
   cached
   predicate viableParamArg(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParam(call, i, p) and
+      viableParam(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos) and
       compatibleTypes(getNodeDataFlowType(arg), getNodeDataFlowType(p))
     )
   }
@@ -862,7 +878,7 @@ private module Cached {
   cached
   newtype TReturnKindExt =
     TValueReturn(ReturnKind kind) or
-    TParamUpdate(int pos) { exists(ParamNode p | p.isParameterOf(_, pos)) }
+    TParamUpdate(ParameterPosition pos) { exists(ParamNode p | p.isParameterOf(_, pos)) }
 
   cached
   newtype TBooleanOption =
@@ -1054,9 +1070,9 @@ class ParamNode extends Node {
 
   /**
    * Holds if this node is the parameter of callable `c` at the specified
-   * (zero-based) position.
+   * position.
    */
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) { parameterNode(this, c, i) }
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) { parameterNode(this, c, pos) }
 }
 
 /** A data-flow node that represents a call argument. */
@@ -1064,7 +1080,9 @@ class ArgNode extends Node {
   ArgNode() { argumentNode(this, _, _) }
 
   /** Holds if this argument occurs at the given position in the given call. */
-  final predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, int pos) { argumentNode(this, call, pos) }
+  final predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {
+    argumentNode(this, call, pos)
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1110,11 +1128,14 @@ class ValueReturnKind extends ReturnKindExt, TValueReturn {
 }
 
 class ParamUpdateReturnKind extends ReturnKindExt, TParamUpdate {
-  private int pos;
+  private ParameterPosition pos;
 
   ParamUpdateReturnKind() { this = TParamUpdate(pos) }
 
-  int getPosition() { result = pos }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { result = pos }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  ArgumentPosition getAMatchingArgumentPosition() { parameterMatch(pos, result) }
 
   override string toString() { result = "param update " + pos }
 }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImplConsistency.qll

@@ -15,11 +15,23 @@ module Consistency {
   class ConsistencyConfiguration extends TConsistencyConfiguration {
     string toString() { none() }
 
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `uniqueEnclosingCallable`. */
+    predicate uniqueEnclosingCallableExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `uniqueNodeLocation`. */
+    predicate uniqueNodeLocationExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `missingLocation`. */
+    predicate missingLocationExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
     /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `postWithInFlow`. */
     predicate postWithInFlowExclude(Node n) { none() }
 
     /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `argHasPostUpdate`. */
     predicate argHasPostUpdateExclude(ArgumentNode n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `reverseRead`. */
+    predicate reverseReadExclude(Node n) { none() }
   }
 
   private class RelevantNode extends Node {
@@ -46,6 +58,7 @@ module Consistency {
       n instanceof RelevantNode and
       c = count(nodeGetEnclosingCallable(n)) and
       c != 1 and
+      not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).uniqueEnclosingCallableExclude(n) and
       msg = "Node should have one enclosing callable but has " + c + "."
     )
   }
@@ -66,6 +79,7 @@ module Consistency {
           n.hasLocationInfo(filepath, startline, startcolumn, endline, endcolumn)
         ) and
       c != 1 and
+      not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).uniqueNodeLocationExclude(n) and
       msg = "Node should have one location but has " + c + "."
     )
   }
@@ -76,7 +90,8 @@ module Consistency {
         strictcount(Node n |
           not exists(string filepath, int startline, int startcolumn, int endline, int endcolumn |
             n.hasLocationInfo(filepath, startline, startcolumn, endline, endcolumn)
-          )
+          ) and
+          not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).missingLocationExclude(n)
         ) and
       msg = "Nodes without location: " + c
     )
@@ -172,6 +187,7 @@ module Consistency {
 
   query predicate reverseRead(Node n, string msg) {
     exists(Node n2 | readStep(n, _, n2) and hasPost(n2) and not hasPost(n)) and
+    not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).reverseReadExclude(n) and
     msg = "Origin of readStep is missing a PostUpdateNode."
   }
 

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImplLocal.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll

@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ private import DataFlowImplConsistency
 DataFlowCallable nodeGetEnclosingCallable(Node n) { result = n.getEnclosingCallable() }
 
 /** Holds if `p` is a `ParameterNode` of `c` with position `pos`. */
-predicate isParameterNode(ParameterNode p, DataFlowCallable c, int pos) { p.isParameterOf(c, pos) }
+predicate isParameterNode(ParameterNode p, DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
+  p.isParameterOf(c, pos)
+}
+
+/** Holds if `arg` is an `ArgumentNode` of `c` with position `pos`. */
+predicate isArgumentNode(ArgumentNode arg, DataFlowCall c, ArgumentPosition pos) {
+  arg.argumentOf(c, pos)
+}
 
 /** Gets the instance argument of a non-static call. */
 private Node getInstanceArgument(Call call) {

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/exprs/Lambda.qll

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class LambdaCapture extends Locatable, @lambdacapture {
    * An identifier is captured by reference if:
    *   - It is explicitly captured by reference.
    *   - It is implicitly captured, and the lambda's default capture mode is by-reference.
-   *   - The identifier is "this". [Said behaviour is dictated by the C++11 standard, but it
+   *   - The identifier is "this". [Said behavior is dictated by the C++11 standard, but it
    *                                is actually "*this" being captured rather than "this".]
    */
   predicate isCapturedByReference() { lambda_capture(this, _, _, _, true, _, _) }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ private import cpp
 private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.IR
 private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.dataflow.DataFlow
 private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.dataflow.internal.DataFlowPrivate
+private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.dataflow.internal.DataFlowUtil
 private import DataFlowImplCommon as DataFlowImplCommon
 
 /**
@@ -266,3 +267,17 @@ Function viableImplInCallContext(CallInstruction call, CallInstruction ctx) {
     result = ctx.getArgument(i).getUnconvertedResultExpression().(FunctionAccess).getTarget()
   )
 }
+
+/** A parameter position represented by an integer. */
+class ParameterPosition extends int {
+  ParameterPosition() { any(ParameterNode p).isParameterOf(_, this) }
+}
+
+/** An argument position represented by an integer. */
+class ArgumentPosition extends int {
+  ArgumentPosition() { any(ArgumentNode a).argumentOf(_, this) }
+}
+
+/** Holds if arguments at position `apos` match parameters at position `ppos`. */
+pragma[inline]
+predicate parameterMatch(ParameterPosition ppos, ArgumentPosition apos) { ppos = apos }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl2.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl3.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImpl4.qll

@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ private class ArgNodeEx extends NodeEx {
 private class ParamNodeEx extends NodeEx {
   ParamNodeEx() { this.asNode() instanceof ParamNode }
 
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) {
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
-    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, i)
+    this.asNode().(ParamNode).isParameterOf(c, pos)
   }
 
-  int getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { this.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   predicate allowParameterReturnInSelf() { allowParameterReturnInSelfCached(this.asNode()) }
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1012,9 @@ private module Stage2 {
 
   private predicate flowIntoCall = flowIntoCallNodeCand1/5;
 
+  bindingset[node, ap]
+  private predicate filter(NodeEx node, Ap ap) { any() }
+
   bindingset[ap, contentType]
   private predicate typecheckStore(Ap ap, DataFlowType contentType) { any() }
 
@@ -1020,6 +1023,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
     PrevStage::revFlow(node, _, _, apa, config)
   }
 
+  bindingset[result, apa]
+  private ApApprox unbindApa(ApApprox apa) {
+    exists(ApApprox apa0 |
+      apa = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0) and result = pragma[only_bind_into](apa0)
+    )
+  }
+
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate flowThroughOutOfCall(
     DataFlowCall call, CcCall ccc, RetNodeEx ret, NodeEx out, boolean allowsFieldFlow,
@@ -1042,6 +1052,13 @@ private module Stage2 {
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
   predicate fwdFlow(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
+    fwdFlow0(node, cc, argAp, ap, config) and
+    flowCand(node, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config) and
+    filter(node, ap)
+  }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  private predicate fwdFlow0(NodeEx node, Cc cc, ApOption argAp, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
     flowCand(node, _, config) and
     sourceNode(node, config) and
     (if hasSourceCallCtx(config) then cc = ccSomeCall() else cc = ccNone()) and
@@ -1112,7 +1129,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(DataFlowType contentType |
       fwdFlow(node1, cc, argAp, ap1, config) and
-      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, getApprox(ap1), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
+      PrevStage::storeStepCand(node1, unbindApa(getApprox(ap1)), tc, node2, contentType, config) and
       typecheckStore(ap1, contentType)
     )
   }
@@ -1189,7 +1206,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   ) {
     exists(ParamNodeEx p |
       fwdFlowIn(call, p, cc, _, argAp, ap, config) and
-      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, getApprox(ap), config)
+      PrevStage::parameterMayFlowThrough(p, _, unbindApa(getApprox(ap)), config)
     )
   }
 
@@ -1430,7 +1447,7 @@ private module Stage2 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2125,7 +2142,7 @@ private module Stage3 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2891,7 +2908,7 @@ private module Stage4 {
   }
 
   predicate parameterMayFlowThrough(ParamNodeEx p, DataFlowCallable c, Ap ap, Configuration config) {
-    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, int pos |
+    exists(RetNodeEx ret, Ap ap0, ReturnKindExt kind, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterFlow(p, ap, ap0, c, config) and
       c = ret.getEnclosingCallable() and
       revFlow(pragma[only_bind_into](ret), true, apSome(_), pragma[only_bind_into](ap0),
@@ -2975,7 +2992,7 @@ private class SummaryCtxSome extends SummaryCtx, TSummaryCtxSome {
 
   SummaryCtxSome() { this = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap) }
 
-  int getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
+  ParameterPosition getParameterPos() { p.isParameterOf(_, result) }
 
   ParamNodeEx getParamNode() { result = p }
 
@@ -3622,39 +3639,40 @@ private predicate pathOutOfCallable(PathNodeMid mid, NodeEx out, CallContext cc)
  */
 pragma[noinline]
 private predicate pathIntoArg(
-  PathNodeMid mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
+  PathNodeMid mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap,
-  Configuration config
+  AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(ArgNode arg |
+  exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
     arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-    arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
     ap = mid.getAp() and
     apa = ap.getApprox() and
-    config = mid.getConfiguration()
+    config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate parameterCand(
-  DataFlowCallable callable, int i, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, AccessPathApprox apa, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(ParamNodeEx p |
     Stage4::revFlow(p, _, _, apa, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i)
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos)
   )
 }
 
 pragma[nomagic]
 private predicate pathIntoCallable0(
-  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc, DataFlowCall call,
+  PathNodeMid mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
-  AccessPath ap, Configuration config
+  DataFlowCall call, AccessPath ap, Configuration config
 ) {
   exists(AccessPathApprox apa |
-    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](i), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    pathIntoArg(mid, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), outercc, call, ap, pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config)) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc) and
-    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](i), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
+    parameterCand(callable, pragma[only_bind_into](pos), pragma[only_bind_into](apa),
       pragma[only_bind_into](config))
   )
 }
@@ -3669,9 +3687,9 @@ private predicate pathIntoCallable(
   PathNodeMid mid, ParamNodeEx p, CallContext outercc, CallContextCall innercc, SummaryCtx sc,
   DataFlowCall call, Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
+  exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable, AccessPath ap |
-    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    pathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-    p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+    p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
     (
       sc = TSummaryCtxSome(p, ap)
       or
@@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ private predicate paramFlowsThrough(
   ReturnKindExt kind, CallContextCall cc, SummaryCtxSome sc, AccessPath ap, AccessPathApprox apa,
   Configuration config
 ) {
-  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, int pos |
+  exists(PathNodeMid mid, RetNodeEx ret, ParameterPosition pos |
     mid.getNodeEx() = ret and
     kind = ret.getKind() and
     cc = mid.getCallContext() and
@@ -4424,24 +4442,25 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[noinline]
   private predicate partialPathIntoArg(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, int i, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, ParameterPosition ppos, CallContext cc, DataFlowCall call,
-    Configuration config
+    PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(ArgNode arg |
+    exists(ArgNode arg, ArgumentPosition apos |
       arg = mid.getNodeEx().asNode() and
       cc = mid.getCallContext() and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate partialPathIntoCallable0(
-    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, int i, CallContext outercc,
+    PartialPathNodeFwd mid, DataFlowCallable callable, ParameterPosition pos, CallContext outercc,
     DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    partialPathIntoArg(mid, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+    partialPathIntoArg(mid, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
     callable = resolveCall(call, outercc)
   }
 
@@ -4450,9 +4469,9 @@ private module FlowExploration {
     TSummaryCtx1 sc1, TSummaryCtx2 sc2, DataFlowCall call, PartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(int i, DataFlowCallable callable |
+    exists(ParameterPosition pos, DataFlowCallable callable |
-      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, i, outercc, call, ap, config) and
+      partialPathIntoCallable0(mid, callable, pos, outercc, call, ap, config) and
-      p.isParameterOf(callable, i) and
+      p.isParameterOf(callable, pos) and
       sc1 = TSummaryCtx1Param(p) and
       sc2 = TSummaryCtx2Some(ap)
     |
@@ -4616,22 +4635,23 @@ private module FlowExploration {
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathFlowsThrough(
-    int pos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    ArgumentPosition apos, TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2,
-    Configuration config
+    RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p |
+    exists(PartialPathNodeRev mid, ParamNodeEx p, ParameterPosition ppos |
       mid.getNodeEx() = p and
-      p.getPosition() = pos and
+      p.getPosition() = ppos and
       sc1 = mid.getSummaryCtx1() and
       sc2 = mid.getSummaryCtx2() and
       ap = mid.getAp() and
-      config = mid.getConfiguration()
+      config = mid.getConfiguration() and
+      parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
     )
   }
 
   pragma[nomagic]
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable0(
-    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, int pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
+    DataFlowCall call, PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgumentPosition pos, RevPartialAccessPath ap,
     Configuration config
   ) {
     exists(TRevSummaryCtx1Some sc1, TRevSummaryCtx2Some sc2 |
@@ -4644,7 +4664,7 @@ private module FlowExploration {
   private predicate revPartialPathThroughCallable(
     PartialPathNodeRev mid, ArgNodeEx node, RevPartialAccessPath ap, Configuration config
   ) {
-    exists(DataFlowCall call, int pos |
+    exists(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos |
       revPartialPathThroughCallable0(call, mid, pos, ap, config) and
       node.asNode().(ArgNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
     )

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImplCommon.qll

@@ -62,6 +62,18 @@ predicate accessPathCostLimits(int apLimit, int tupleLimit) {
   tupleLimit = 1000
 }
 
+/**
+ * Holds if `arg` is an argument of `call` with an argument position that matches
+ * parameter position `ppos`.
+ */
+pragma[noinline]
+predicate argumentPositionMatch(DataFlowCall call, ArgNode arg, ParameterPosition ppos) {
+  exists(ArgumentPosition apos |
+    arg.argumentOf(call, apos) and
+    parameterMatch(ppos, apos)
+  )
+}
+
 /**
  * Provides a simple data-flow analysis for resolving lambda calls. The analysis
  * currently excludes read-steps, store-steps, and flow-through.
@@ -71,25 +83,27 @@ predicate accessPathCostLimits(int apLimit, int tupleLimit) {
  * calls. For this reason, we cannot reuse the code from `DataFlowImpl.qll` directly.
  */
 private module LambdaFlow {
-  private predicate viableParamNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  pragma[noinline]
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallable(call), i)
+  private predicate viableParamNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallable(call), ppos)
   }
 
-  private predicate viableParamLambda(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  pragma[noinline]
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableLambda(call, _), i)
+  private predicate viableParamLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableLambda(call, _), ppos)
   }
 
   private predicate viableParamArgNonLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParamNonLambda(call, i, p) and
+      viableParamNonLambda(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i)
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos)
     )
   }
 
   private predicate viableParamArgLambda(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParamLambda(call, i, p) and
+      viableParamLambda(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i)
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos)
     )
   }
 
@@ -322,7 +336,7 @@ private module Cached {
     or
     exists(ArgNode arg |
       result.(PostUpdateNode).getPreUpdateNode() = arg and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, k.(ParamUpdateReturnKind).getPosition())
+      arg.argumentOf(call, k.(ParamUpdateReturnKind).getAMatchingArgumentPosition())
     )
   }
 
@@ -330,7 +344,7 @@ private module Cached {
   predicate returnNodeExt(Node n, ReturnKindExt k) {
     k = TValueReturn(n.(ReturnNode).getKind())
     or
-    exists(ParamNode p, int pos |
+    exists(ParamNode p, ParameterPosition pos |
       parameterValueFlowsToPreUpdate(p, n) and
       p.isParameterOf(_, pos) and
       k = TParamUpdate(pos)
@@ -352,11 +366,13 @@ private module Cached {
   }
 
   cached
-  predicate parameterNode(Node p, DataFlowCallable c, int pos) { isParameterNode(p, c, pos) }
+  predicate parameterNode(Node p, DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
+    isParameterNode(p, c, pos)
+  }
 
   cached
-  predicate argumentNode(Node n, DataFlowCall call, int pos) {
+  predicate argumentNode(Node n, DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {
-    n.(ArgumentNode).argumentOf(call, pos)
+    isArgumentNode(n, call, pos)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -374,12 +390,12 @@ private module Cached {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Holds if `p` is the `i`th parameter of a viable dispatch target of `call`.
+   * Holds if `p` is the parameter of a viable dispatch target of `call`,
-   * The instance parameter is considered to have index `-1`.
+   * and `p` has position `ppos`.
    */
   pragma[nomagic]
-  private predicate viableParam(DataFlowCall call, int i, ParamNode p) {
+  private predicate viableParam(DataFlowCall call, ParameterPosition ppos, ParamNode p) {
-    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableExt(call), i)
+    p.isParameterOf(viableCallableExt(call), ppos)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -388,9 +404,9 @@ private module Cached {
    */
   cached
   predicate viableParamArg(DataFlowCall call, ParamNode p, ArgNode arg) {
-    exists(int i |
+    exists(ParameterPosition ppos |
-      viableParam(call, i, p) and
+      viableParam(call, ppos, p) and
-      arg.argumentOf(call, i) and
+      argumentPositionMatch(call, arg, ppos) and
       compatibleTypes(getNodeDataFlowType(arg), getNodeDataFlowType(p))
     )
   }
@@ -862,7 +878,7 @@ private module Cached {
   cached
   newtype TReturnKindExt =
     TValueReturn(ReturnKind kind) or
-    TParamUpdate(int pos) { exists(ParamNode p | p.isParameterOf(_, pos)) }
+    TParamUpdate(ParameterPosition pos) { exists(ParamNode p | p.isParameterOf(_, pos)) }
 
   cached
   newtype TBooleanOption =
@@ -1054,9 +1070,9 @@ class ParamNode extends Node {
 
   /**
    * Holds if this node is the parameter of callable `c` at the specified
-   * (zero-based) position.
+   * position.
    */
-  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, int i) { parameterNode(this, c, i) }
+  predicate isParameterOf(DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) { parameterNode(this, c, pos) }
 }
 
 /** A data-flow node that represents a call argument. */
@@ -1064,7 +1080,9 @@ class ArgNode extends Node {
   ArgNode() { argumentNode(this, _, _) }
 
   /** Holds if this argument occurs at the given position in the given call. */
-  final predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, int pos) { argumentNode(this, call, pos) }
+  final predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {
+    argumentNode(this, call, pos)
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1110,11 +1128,14 @@ class ValueReturnKind extends ReturnKindExt, TValueReturn {
 }
 
 class ParamUpdateReturnKind extends ReturnKindExt, TParamUpdate {
-  private int pos;
+  private ParameterPosition pos;
 
   ParamUpdateReturnKind() { this = TParamUpdate(pos) }
 
-  int getPosition() { result = pos }
+  ParameterPosition getPosition() { result = pos }
+
+  pragma[nomagic]
+  ArgumentPosition getAMatchingArgumentPosition() { parameterMatch(pos, result) }
 
   override string toString() { result = "param update " + pos }
 }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowImplConsistency.qll

@@ -15,11 +15,23 @@ module Consistency {
   class ConsistencyConfiguration extends TConsistencyConfiguration {
     string toString() { none() }
 
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `uniqueEnclosingCallable`. */
+    predicate uniqueEnclosingCallableExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `uniqueNodeLocation`. */
+    predicate uniqueNodeLocationExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `missingLocation`. */
+    predicate missingLocationExclude(Node n) { none() }
+
     /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `postWithInFlow`. */
     predicate postWithInFlowExclude(Node n) { none() }
 
     /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `argHasPostUpdate`. */
     predicate argHasPostUpdateExclude(ArgumentNode n) { none() }
+
+    /** Holds if `n` should be excluded from the consistency test `reverseRead`. */
+    predicate reverseReadExclude(Node n) { none() }
   }
 
   private class RelevantNode extends Node {
@@ -46,6 +58,7 @@ module Consistency {
       n instanceof RelevantNode and
       c = count(nodeGetEnclosingCallable(n)) and
       c != 1 and
+      not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).uniqueEnclosingCallableExclude(n) and
       msg = "Node should have one enclosing callable but has " + c + "."
     )
   }
@@ -66,6 +79,7 @@ module Consistency {
           n.hasLocationInfo(filepath, startline, startcolumn, endline, endcolumn)
         ) and
       c != 1 and
+      not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).uniqueNodeLocationExclude(n) and
       msg = "Node should have one location but has " + c + "."
     )
   }
@@ -76,7 +90,8 @@ module Consistency {
         strictcount(Node n |
           not exists(string filepath, int startline, int startcolumn, int endline, int endcolumn |
             n.hasLocationInfo(filepath, startline, startcolumn, endline, endcolumn)
-          )
+          ) and
+          not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).missingLocationExclude(n)
         ) and
       msg = "Nodes without location: " + c
     )
@@ -172,6 +187,7 @@ module Consistency {
 
   query predicate reverseRead(Node n, string msg) {
     exists(Node n2 | readStep(n, _, n2) and hasPost(n2) and not hasPost(n)) and
+    not any(ConsistencyConfiguration conf).reverseReadExclude(n) and
     msg = "Origin of readStep is missing a PostUpdateNode."
   }
 

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll

@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ private import DataFlowImplConsistency
 DataFlowCallable nodeGetEnclosingCallable(Node n) { result = n.getEnclosingCallable() }
 
 /** Holds if `p` is a `ParameterNode` of `c` with position `pos`. */
-predicate isParameterNode(ParameterNode p, DataFlowCallable c, int pos) { p.isParameterOf(c, pos) }
+predicate isParameterNode(ParameterNode p, DataFlowCallable c, ParameterPosition pos) {
+  p.isParameterOf(c, pos)
+}
+
+/** Holds if `arg` is an `ArgumentNode` of `c` with position `pos`. */
+predicate isArgumentNode(ArgumentNode arg, DataFlowCall c, ArgumentPosition pos) {
+  arg.argumentOf(c, pos)
+}
 
 /**
  * A data flow node that occurs as the argument of a call and is passed as-is

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowUtil.qll

@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class SsaPhiNode extends Node, TSsaPhiNode {
 
   /** Holds if this phi node has input from the `rnk`'th write operation in block `block`. */
   final predicate hasInputAtRankInBlock(IRBlock block, int rnk) {
-    hasInputAtRankInBlock(block, rnk, _)
+    this.hasInputAtRankInBlock(block, rnk, _)
   }
 
   /**

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/implementation/aliased_ssa/Operand.qll

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class NonPhiMemoryOperand extends NonPhiOperand, MemoryOperand, TNonPhiMemoryOpe
   final override string toString() { result = tag.toString() }
 
   final override Instruction getAnyDef() {
-    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
+    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | this.hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
   }
 
   final override Overlap getDefinitionOverlap() { this.hasDefinition(_, result) }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/implementation/raw/Operand.qll

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class NonPhiMemoryOperand extends NonPhiOperand, MemoryOperand, TNonPhiMemoryOpe
   final override string toString() { result = tag.toString() }
 
   final override Instruction getAnyDef() {
-    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
+    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | this.hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
   }
 
   final override Overlap getDefinitionOverlap() { this.hasDefinition(_, result) }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/implementation/unaliased_ssa/Operand.qll

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class NonPhiMemoryOperand extends NonPhiOperand, MemoryOperand, TNonPhiMemoryOpe
   final override string toString() { result = tag.toString() }
 
   final override Instruction getAnyDef() {
-    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
+    result = unique(Instruction defInstr | this.hasDefinition(defInstr, _))
   }
 
   final override Overlap getDefinitionOverlap() { this.hasDefinition(_, result) }

cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/security/BufferWrite.qll

@@ -71,13 +71,30 @@ abstract class BufferWrite extends Expr {
    */
   int getMaxData() { none() }
 
+  /**
+   * Gets an upper bound to the amount of data that's being written (if one
+   * can be found), specifying the reason for the estimation.
+   */
+  int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    reason instanceof NoSpecifiedEstimateReason and result = getMaxData()
+  }
+
   /**
    * Gets an upper bound to the amount of data that's being written (if one
    * can be found), except that float to string conversions are assumed to be
    * much smaller (8 bytes) than their true maximum length.  This can be
    * helpful in determining the cause of a buffer overflow issue.
    */
-  int getMaxDataLimited() { result = this.getMaxData() }
+  int getMaxDataLimited() { result = getMaxData() }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets an upper bound to the amount of data that's being written (if one
+   * can be found), specifying the reason for the estimation, except that
+   * float to string conversions are assumed to be much smaller (8 bytes)
+   * than their true maximum length.  This can be helpful in determining the
+   * cause of a buffer overflow issue.
+   */
+  int getMaxDataLimited(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxData(reason) }
 
   /**
    * Gets the size of a single character of the type this
@@ -135,10 +152,16 @@ class StrCopyBW extends BufferWriteCall {
     result = this.getArgument(this.getParamSize()).getValue().toInt() * this.getCharSize()
   }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    // when result exists, it is an exact flow analysis
+    reason instanceof ValueFlowAnalysis and
     result =
       this.getArgument(this.getParamSrc()).(AnalysedString).getMaxLength() * this.getCharSize()
   }
+
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -173,10 +196,16 @@ class StrCatBW extends BufferWriteCall {
     result = this.getArgument(this.getParamSize()).getValue().toInt() * this.getCharSize()
   }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    // when result exists, it is an exact flow analysis
+    reason instanceof ValueFlowAnalysis and
     result =
       this.getArgument(this.getParamSrc()).(AnalysedString).getMaxLength() * this.getCharSize()
   }
+
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -233,19 +262,29 @@ class SprintfBW extends BufferWriteCall {
 
   override Expr getDest() { result = this.getArgument(f.getOutputParameterIndex(false)) }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     exists(FormatLiteral fl |
       fl = this.(FormattingFunctionCall).getFormat() and
-      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLength() * this.getCharSize()
+      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthWithReason(reason) * this.getCharSize()
     )
   }
 
-  override int getMaxDataLimited() {
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
+
+  private int getMaxDataLimitedImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     exists(FormatLiteral fl |
       fl = this.(FormattingFunctionCall).getFormat() and
-      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthLimited() * this.getCharSize()
+      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthLimitedWithReason(reason) * this.getCharSize()
     )
   }
+
+  override int getMaxDataLimited(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    result = getMaxDataLimitedImpl(reason)
+  }
+
+  override int getMaxDataLimited() { result = max(getMaxDataLimitedImpl(_)) }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -336,19 +375,29 @@ class SnprintfBW extends BufferWriteCall {
     result = this.getArgument(this.getParamSize()).getValue().toInt() * this.getCharSize()
   }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     exists(FormatLiteral fl |
       fl = this.(FormattingFunctionCall).getFormat() and
-      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLength() * this.getCharSize()
+      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthWithReason(reason) * this.getCharSize()
     )
   }
 
-  override int getMaxDataLimited() {
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
+
+  private int getMaxDataLimitedImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
     exists(FormatLiteral fl |
       fl = this.(FormattingFunctionCall).getFormat() and
-      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthLimited() * this.getCharSize()
+      result = fl.getMaxConvertedLengthLimitedWithReason(reason) * this.getCharSize()
     )
   }
+
+  override int getMaxDataLimited(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    result = getMaxDataLimitedImpl(reason)
+  }
+
+  override int getMaxDataLimited() { result = max(getMaxDataLimitedImpl(_)) }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -436,7 +485,9 @@ class ScanfBW extends BufferWrite {
 
   override Expr getDest() { result = this }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    // when this returns, it is based on exact flow analysis
+    reason instanceof ValueFlowAnalysis and
     exists(ScanfFunctionCall fc, ScanfFormatLiteral fl, int arg |
       this = fc.getArgument(arg) and
       fl = fc.getFormat() and
@@ -444,6 +495,10 @@ class ScanfBW extends BufferWrite {
     )
   }
 
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
+
   override string getBWDesc() {
     exists(FunctionCall fc |
       this = fc.getArgument(_) and
@@ -474,8 +529,14 @@ class RealpathBW extends BufferWriteCall {
 
   override Expr getASource() { result = this.getArgument(0) }
 
-  override int getMaxData() {
+  private int getMaxDataImpl(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) {
+    // although there may be some unknown invariants guaranteeing that a real path is shorter than PATH_MAX, we can consider providing less than PATH_MAX a problem with high precision
+    reason instanceof ValueFlowAnalysis and
     result = path_max() and
     this = this // Suppress a compiler warning
   }
+
+  override int getMaxData(BufferWriteEstimationReason reason) { result = getMaxDataImpl(reason) }
+
+  override int getMaxData() { result = max(getMaxDataImpl(_)) }
 }

cpp/ql/src/AlertSuppression.ql

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ class SuppressionComment extends Comment {
     (
       this instanceof CppStyleComment and
       // strip the beginning slashes
-      text = getContents().suffix(2)
+      text = this.getContents().suffix(2)
       or
       this instanceof CStyleComment and
       // strip both the beginning /* and the end */ the comment
       exists(string text0 |
-        text0 = getContents().suffix(2) and
+        text0 = this.getContents().suffix(2) and
         text = text0.prefix(text0.length() - 2)
       ) and
       // The /* */ comment must be a single-line comment

cpp/ql/src/Architecture/Refactoring Opportunities/ClassesWithManyFields.ql

@@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ class ExtClass extends Class {
   }
 
   predicate hasLocationInfo(string path, int startline, int startcol, int endline, int endcol) {
-    if hasOneVariableGroup()
+    if this.hasOneVariableGroup()
     then
       exists(VariableDeclarationGroup vdg | vdg.getClass() = this |
         vdg.hasLocationInfo(path, startline, startcol, endline, endcol)
       )
-    else getLocation().hasLocationInfo(path, startline, startcol, endline, endcol)
+    else this.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(path, startline, startcol, endline, endcol)
   }
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/Best Practices/Unused Entities/UnusedStaticFunctions.ql

@@ -50,6 +50,16 @@ predicate reachableThing(Thing t) {
   exists(Thing mid | reachableThing(mid) and mid.callsOrAccesses() = t)
 }
 
+pragma[nomagic]
+predicate callsOrAccessesPlus(Thing thing1, FunctionToRemove thing2) {
+  thing1.callsOrAccesses() = thing2
+  or
+  exists(Thing mid |
+    thing1.callsOrAccesses() = mid and
+    callsOrAccessesPlus(mid, thing2)
+  )
+}
+
 class Thing extends Locatable {
   Thing() {
     this instanceof Function or
@@ -81,7 +91,7 @@ class FunctionToRemove extends Function {
   }
 
   Thing getOther() {
-    result.callsOrAccesses+() = this and
+    callsOrAccessesPlus(result, this) and
     this != result and
     // We will already be reporting the enclosing function of a
     // local variable, so don't also report the variable

cpp/ql/src/Critical/OverflowStatic.ql

@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ class CallWithBufferSize extends FunctionCall {
     // `upperBound(e)` defaults to `exprMaxVal(e)` when `e` isn't analyzable. So to get a meaningful
     // result in this case we pick the minimum value obtainable from dataflow and range analysis.
     result =
-      upperBound(statedSizeExpr())
+      upperBound(this.statedSizeExpr())
           .minimum(min(Expr statedSizeSrc |
-              DataFlow::localExprFlow(statedSizeSrc, statedSizeExpr())
+              DataFlow::localExprFlow(statedSizeSrc, this.statedSizeExpr())
             |
               statedSizeSrc.getValue().toInt()
             ))

cpp/ql/src/JPL_C/LOC-2/Rule 09/Semaphores.qll

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ abstract class LockOperation extends FunctionCall {
   ControlFlowNode getAReachedNode() {
     result = this
     or
-    exists(ControlFlowNode mid | mid = getAReachedNode() |
+    exists(ControlFlowNode mid | mid = this.getAReachedNode() |
       not mid != this.getMatchingUnlock() and
       result = mid.getASuccessor()
     )

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Arithmetic/ComparisonWithCancelingSubExpr.ql

@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ private predicate cancelingSubExprs(ComparisonOperation cmp, VariableAccess a1,
   exists(Variable v |
     exists(float m | m < 0 and cmpLinearSubVariable(cmp, v, a1, m)) and
     exists(float m | m > 0 and cmpLinearSubVariable(cmp, v, a2, m))
-  )
+  ) and
+  not any(ClassTemplateInstantiation inst).getATemplateArgument() = cmp.getParent*()
 }
 
 from ComparisonOperation cmp, VariableAccess a1, VariableAccess a2

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Arithmetic/PointlessSelfComparison.qll

@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ predicate pointlessSelfComparison(ComparisonOperation cmp) {
     not exists(lhs.getQualifier()) and // Avoid structure fields
     not exists(rhs.getQualifier()) and // Avoid structure fields
     not convertedExprMightOverflow(lhs) and
-    not convertedExprMightOverflow(rhs)
+    not convertedExprMightOverflow(rhs) and
+    // Don't warn if the comparison is part of a template argument.
+    not any(ClassTemplateInstantiation inst).getATemplateArgument() = cmp.getParent*()
   )
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Format/SnprintfOverflow.qhelp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "qhelp.dtd">
 <qhelp>
 <overview>
-<p>The return value of a call to <code>snprintf</code> is the number of characters that <i>would have</i> been written to the buffer assuming there was sufficient space.  In the event that the operation reaches the end of the buffer and more than one character is discarded, the return value will be greater than the buffer size.  This can cause incorrect behaviour, for example:
+<p>The return value of a call to <code>snprintf</code> is the number of characters that <i>would have</i> been written to the buffer assuming there was sufficient space.  In the event that the operation reaches the end of the buffer and more than one character is discarded, the return value will be greater than the buffer size.  This can cause incorrect behavior, for example:
 </p>
 </overview>
 

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Leap Year/LeapYear.qll

@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ abstract class LeapYearFieldAccess extends YearFieldAccess {
     //
     // https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/calendars.php
     this.isUsedInMod4Operation() and
-    additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(400) and
+    this.additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(400) and
-    additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(100)
+    this.additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(100)
   }
 }
 
@@ -176,17 +176,17 @@ class StructTmLeapYearFieldAccess extends LeapYearFieldAccess {
 
   override predicate isUsedInCorrectLeapYearCheck() {
     this.isUsedInMod4Operation() and
-    additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(400) and
+    this.additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(400) and
-    additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(100) and
+    this.additionalModulusCheckForLeapYear(100) and
     // tm_year represents years since 1900
     (
-      additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(1900)
+      this.additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(1900)
       or
       // some systems may use 2000 for 2-digit year conversions
-      additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(2000)
+      this.additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(2000)
       or
       // converting from/to Unix epoch
-      additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(1970)
+      this.additionalAdditionOrSubstractionCheckForLeapYear(1970)
     )
   }
 }

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Memory Management/AllocaInLoop.ql

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     or
     // `e == 0`
     exists(EQExpr eq |
-      conditionRequires(eq, truth.booleanNot()) and
+      this.conditionRequires(eq, truth.booleanNot()) and
       eq.getAnOperand().getValue().toInt() = 0 and
       e = eq.getAnOperand() and
       not exists(e.getValue())
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     or
     // `e != 0`
     exists(NEExpr eq |
-      conditionRequires(eq, truth) and
+      this.conditionRequires(eq, truth) and
       eq.getAnOperand().getValue().toInt() = 0 and
       e = eq.getAnOperand() and
       not exists(e.getValue())
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     or
     // `(bool)e == true`
     exists(EQExpr eq |
-      conditionRequires(eq, truth) and
+      this.conditionRequires(eq, truth) and
       eq.getAnOperand().getValue().toInt() = 1 and
       e = eq.getAnOperand() and
       e.getUnspecifiedType() instanceof BoolType and
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     or
     // `(bool)e != true`
     exists(NEExpr eq |
-      conditionRequires(eq, truth.booleanNot()) and
+      this.conditionRequires(eq, truth.booleanNot()) and
       eq.getAnOperand().getValue().toInt() = 1 and
       e = eq.getAnOperand() and
       e.getUnspecifiedType() instanceof BoolType and
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     )
     or
     exists(NotExpr notExpr |
-      conditionRequires(notExpr, truth.booleanNot()) and
+      this.conditionRequires(notExpr, truth.booleanNot()) and
       e = notExpr.getOperand()
     )
     or
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     // requires both of its operand to be true as well.
     exists(LogicalAndExpr andExpr |
       truth = true and
-      conditionRequires(andExpr, truth) and
+      this.conditionRequires(andExpr, truth) and
       e = andExpr.getAnOperand()
     )
     or
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
     // it requires both of its operand to be false as well.
     exists(LogicalOrExpr orExpr |
       truth = false and
-      conditionRequires(orExpr, truth) and
+      this.conditionRequires(orExpr, truth) and
       e = orExpr.getAnOperand()
     )
   }
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ class LoopWithAlloca extends Stmt {
    * `conditionRequiresInequality`.
    */
   private Variable getAControllingVariable() {
-    conditionRequires(result.getAnAccess(), _)
+    this.conditionRequires(result.getAnAccess(), _)
     or
-    conditionRequiresInequality(result.getAnAccess(), _, _)
+    this.conditionRequiresInequality(result.getAnAccess(), _, _)
   }
 
   /**

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Memory Management/NtohlArrayNoBound.qll

@@ -61,72 +61,72 @@ class PointerArithmeticAccess extends BufferAccess, Expr {
  * A pair of buffer accesses through a call to memcpy.
  */
 class MemCpy extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  MemCpy() { getTarget().hasName("memcpy") }
+  MemCpy() { this.getTarget().hasName("memcpy") }
 
   override Expr getPointer() {
-    result = getArgument(0) or
+    result = this.getArgument(0) or
-    result = getArgument(1)
+    result = this.getArgument(1)
   }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(2) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(2) }
 }
 
 class StrncpySizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  StrncpySizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("strncpy") }
+  StrncpySizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("strncpy") }
 
   override Expr getPointer() {
-    result = getArgument(0) or
+    result = this.getArgument(0) or
-    result = getArgument(1)
+    result = this.getArgument(1)
   }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(2) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(2) }
 }
 
 class RecvSizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  RecvSizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("recv") }
+  RecvSizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("recv") }
 
-  override Expr getPointer() { result = getArgument(1) }
+  override Expr getPointer() { result = this.getArgument(1) }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(2) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(2) }
 }
 
 class SendSizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  SendSizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("send") }
+  SendSizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("send") }
 
-  override Expr getPointer() { result = getArgument(1) }
+  override Expr getPointer() { result = this.getArgument(1) }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(2) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(2) }
 }
 
 class SnprintfSizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  SnprintfSizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("snprintf") }
+  SnprintfSizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("snprintf") }
 
-  override Expr getPointer() { result = getArgument(0) }
+  override Expr getPointer() { result = this.getArgument(0) }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(1) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(1) }
 }
 
 class MemcmpSizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  MemcmpSizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("Memcmp") }
+  MemcmpSizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("Memcmp") }
 
   override Expr getPointer() {
-    result = getArgument(0) or
+    result = this.getArgument(0) or
-    result = getArgument(1)
+    result = this.getArgument(1)
   }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(2) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(2) }
 }
 
 class MallocSizeExpr extends BufferAccess, FunctionCall {
-  MallocSizeExpr() { getTarget().hasName("malloc") }
+  MallocSizeExpr() { this.getTarget().hasName("malloc") }
 
   override Expr getPointer() { none() }
 
-  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = getArgument(0) }
+  override Expr getAccessedLength() { result = this.getArgument(0) }
 }
 
 class NetworkFunctionCall extends FunctionCall {
-  NetworkFunctionCall() { getTarget().hasName(["ntohd", "ntohf", "ntohl", "ntohll", "ntohs"]) }
+  NetworkFunctionCall() { this.getTarget().hasName(["ntohd", "ntohf", "ntohl", "ntohll", "ntohs"]) }
 }
 
 class NetworkToBufferSizeConfiguration extends DataFlow::Configuration {

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Protocols/TlsSettingsMisconfiguration.ql

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
  * @description Using the TLS or SSLv23 protocol from the boost::asio library, but not disabling deprecated protocols, or disabling minimum-recommended protocols.
  * @kind problem
  * @problem.severity error
+ * @security-severity 7.5
  * @id cpp/boost/tls-settings-misconfiguration
  * @tags security
+ *       external/cwe/cwe-326
  */
 
 import cpp

cpp/ql/src/Likely Bugs/Protocols/UseOfDeprecatedHardcodedProtocol.ql

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
  * @description Using a deprecated hard-coded protocol using the boost::asio library.
  * @kind problem
  * @problem.severity error
+ * @security-severity 7.5
  * @id cpp/boost/use-of-deprecated-hardcoded-security-protocol
  * @tags security
+ *       external/cwe/cwe-327
  */
 
 import cpp

cpp/ql/src/Power of 10/Rule 4/FunctionTooLong.ql

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import cpp
 
 class MacroFunctionCall extends MacroInvocation {
   MacroFunctionCall() {
-    not exists(getParentInvocation()) and
+    not exists(this.getParentInvocation()) and
     this.getMacro().getHead().matches("%(%")
   }
 

cpp/ql/src/Power of 10/Rule 5/AssertionDensity.ql

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import semmle.code.cpp.commons.Assertions
 
 class MacroFunctionCall extends MacroInvocation {
   MacroFunctionCall() {
-    not exists(getParentInvocation()) and
+    not exists(this.getParentInvocation()) and
     this.getMacro().getHead().matches("%(%")
   }
 

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-020/ExternalAPIsSpecific.qll

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ExternalAPIDataNode extends DataFlow::Node {
   int getIndex() { result = i }
 
   /** Gets the description of the function being called. */
-  string getFunctionDescription() { result = getExternalFunction().toString() }
+  string getFunctionDescription() { result = this.getExternalFunction().toString() }
 }
 
 /** A configuration for tracking flow from `RemoteFlowSource`s to `ExternalAPIDataNode`s. */

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-020/ir/ExternalAPIsSpecific.qll

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ExternalAPIDataNode extends DataFlow::Node {
   int getIndex() { result = i }
 
   /** Gets the description of the function being called. */
-  string getFunctionDescription() { result = getExternalFunction().toString() }
+  string getFunctionDescription() { result = this.getExternalFunction().toString() }
 }
 
 /** A configuration for tracking flow from `RemoteFlowSource`s to `ExternalAPIDataNode`s. */

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-120/OverrunWrite.ql

@@ -21,14 +21,15 @@ import semmle.code.cpp.commons.Alloc
  * See CWE-120/UnboundedWrite.ql for a summary of CWE-120 alert cases.
  */
 
-from BufferWrite bw, Expr dest, int destSize
+from BufferWrite bw, Expr dest, int destSize, int estimated
 where
   not bw.hasExplicitLimit() and // has no explicit size limit
   dest = bw.getDest() and
   destSize = getBufferSize(dest, _) and
+  estimated = bw.getMaxDataLimited(_) and
   // we can deduce that too much data may be copied (even without
   // long '%f' conversions)
-  bw.getMaxDataLimited() > destSize
+  estimated > destSize
 select bw,
-  "This '" + bw.getBWDesc() + "' operation requires " + bw.getMaxData() +
+  "This '" + bw.getBWDesc() + "' operation requires " + estimated +
     " bytes but the destination is only " + destSize + " bytes."

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-120/OverrunWriteFloat.ql

@@ -21,14 +21,15 @@ import semmle.code.cpp.security.BufferWrite
  * See CWE-120/UnboundedWrite.ql for a summary of CWE-120 alert cases.
  */
 
-from BufferWrite bw, int destSize
+from BufferWrite bw, int destSize, int estimated, BufferWriteEstimationReason reason
 where
   not bw.hasExplicitLimit() and
   // has no explicit size limit
   destSize = getBufferSize(bw.getDest(), _) and
-  bw.getMaxData() > destSize and
+  estimated = bw.getMaxData(reason) and
+  estimated > destSize and
   // and we can deduce that too much data may be copied
-  bw.getMaxDataLimited() <= destSize // but it would fit without long '%f' conversions
+  bw.getMaxDataLimited(reason) <= destSize // but it would fit without long '%f' conversions
 select bw,
-  "This '" + bw.getBWDesc() + "' operation may require " + bw.getMaxData() +
+  "This '" + bw.getBWDesc() + "' operation may require " + estimated +
     " bytes because of float conversions, but the target is only " + destSize + " bytes."

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-120/UnboundedWrite.ql

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ import TaintedWithPath
 
 predicate isUnboundedWrite(BufferWrite bw) {
   not bw.hasExplicitLimit() and // has no explicit size limit
-  not exists(bw.getMaxData()) // and we can't deduce an upper bound to the amount copied
+  not exists(bw.getMaxData(_)) // and we can't deduce an upper bound to the amount copied
 }
 
 /*

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-121/UnterminatedVarargsCall.ql

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class VarargsFunction extends Function {
   }
 
   private int trailingArgValueCount(string value) {
-    result = strictcount(FunctionCall fc | trailingArgValue(fc) = value)
+    result = strictcount(FunctionCall fc | this.trailingArgValue(fc) = value)
   }
 
   string nonTrailingVarArgValue(FunctionCall fc, int index) {
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ class VarargsFunction extends Function {
 
   string normalTerminator(int cnt) {
     result = ["0", "-1"] and
-    cnt = trailingArgValueCount(result) and
+    cnt = this.trailingArgValueCount(result) and
-    2 * cnt > totalCount() and
+    2 * cnt > this.totalCount() and
     not exists(FunctionCall fc, int index |
       // terminator value is used in a non-terminating position
-      nonTrailingVarArgValue(fc, index) = result
+      this.nonTrailingVarArgValue(fc, index) = result
     )
   }
 

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-170/ImproperNullTerminationTainted.ql

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TaintSource extends VariableAccess {
     definitionUsePair(_, this, va)
     or
     exists(VariableAccess mid, Expr def |
-      sourceReaches(mid) and
+      this.sourceReaches(mid) and
       exprDefinition(_, def, mid) and
       definitionUsePair(_, def, va)
     )
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ class TaintSource extends VariableAccess {
    * from `va`, possibly using intermediate reassignments.
    */
   private predicate reachesSink(VariableAccess va, VariableAccess sink) {
-    isSink(sink) and
+    this.isSink(sink) and
     va = sink
     or
     exists(VariableAccess mid, Expr def |
-      reachesSink(mid, sink) and
+      this.reachesSink(mid, sink) and
       exprDefinition(_, def, va) and
       definitionUsePair(_, def, mid)
     )
@@ -71,15 +71,15 @@ class TaintSource extends VariableAccess {
    * this source to `sink` found via `tainted(source, sink)`.)
    */
   predicate reaches(VariableAccess sink) {
-    isSink(sink) and
+    this.isSink(sink) and
     not exists(VariableAccess va |
       va != this and
       va != sink and
       mayAddNullTerminator(_, va)
     |
-      sourceReaches(va)
+      this.sourceReaches(va)
       or
-      reachesSink(va, sink)
+      this.reachesSink(va, sink)
     )
   }
 }

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflation.qhelp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<!DOCTYPE qhelp PUBLIC
+  "-//Semmle//qhelp//EN"
+  "qhelp.dtd">
+<qhelp>
+<overview>
+<p>When checking the result of SSL certificate verification, accepting any error code may allow an attacker to impersonate someone who is trusted.</p>
+
+</overview>
+<recommendation>
+
+<p>When checking an SSL certificate with <code>SSL_get_verify_result</code>, only <code>X509_V_OK</code> is a success code. If there is any other result the certificate should not be accepted.</p>
+
+</recommendation>
+<example>
+
+<p>In this example the error code <code>X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED</code> is treated the same as an OK result. An expired certificate should not be accepted as it is more likely to be compromised than a valid certificate.</p>
+
+<sample src="SSLResultConflationBad.cpp" />
+
+<p>In the corrected example, only a result of <code>X509_V_OK</code> is accepted.</p>
+
+<sample src="SSLResultConflationGood.cpp" />
+
+</example>
+<references>
+
+</references>
+</qhelp>

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflation.ql

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * @name Certificate result conflation
+ * @description Only accept SSL certificates that pass certificate verification.
+ * @kind problem
+ * @problem.severity error
+ * @security-severity 7.5
+ * @precision medium
+ * @id cpp/certificate-result-conflation
+ * @tags security
+ *       external/cwe/cwe-295
+ */
+
+import cpp
+import semmle.code.cpp.controlflow.Guards
+import semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.DataFlow
+
+/**
+ * A call to `SSL_get_verify_result`.
+ */
+class SSLGetVerifyResultCall extends FunctionCall {
+  SSLGetVerifyResultCall() { getTarget().getName() = "SSL_get_verify_result" }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Data flow from a call to `SSL_get_verify_result` to a guard condition
+ * that references the result.
+ */
+class VerifyResultConfig extends DataFlow::Configuration {
+  VerifyResultConfig() { this = "VerifyResultConfig" }
+
+  override predicate isSource(DataFlow::Node source) {
+    source.asExpr() instanceof SSLGetVerifyResultCall
+  }
+
+  override predicate isSink(DataFlow::Node sink) {
+    exists(GuardCondition guard | guard.getAChild*() = sink.asExpr())
+  }
+}
+
+from
+  VerifyResultConfig config, DataFlow::Node source, DataFlow::Node sink1, DataFlow::Node sink2,
+  GuardCondition guard, Expr c1, Expr c2, boolean testIsTrue
+where
+  config.hasFlow(source, sink1) and
+  config.hasFlow(source, sink2) and
+  guard.comparesEq(sink1.asExpr(), c1, 0, false, testIsTrue) and // (value != c1) => testIsTrue
+  guard.comparesEq(sink2.asExpr(), c2, 0, false, testIsTrue) and // (value != c2) => testIsTrue
+  c1.getValue().toInt() = 0 and
+  c2.getValue().toInt() != 0
+select guard, "This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@.", source, source.toString()

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflationBad.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// ...
+
+if (cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl))
+{
+	result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+	if ((result == X509_V_OK) || (result == X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+	{
+		do_ok();
+	} else {
+		do_error();
+	}
+}

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflationGood.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// ...
+
+if (cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl))
+{
+	result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+	if (result == X509_V_OK) // GOOD
+	{
+		do_ok();
+	} else {
+		do_error();
+	}
+}

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotChecked.qhelp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<!DOCTYPE qhelp PUBLIC
+  "-//Semmle//qhelp//EN"
+  "qhelp.dtd">
+<qhelp>
+<overview>
+<p>After fetching an SSL certificate, always check the result of certificate verification.</p>
+
+</overview>
+<recommendation>
+
+<p>Always check the result of SSL certificate verification. A certificate that has been revoked may indicate that data is coming from an attacker, whereas a certificate that has expired or was self-signed may indicate an increased likelihood that the data is malicious.</p>
+
+</recommendation>
+<example>
+
+<p>In this example, the <code>SSL_get_peer_certificate</code> function is used to get the certificate of a peer. However it is unsafe to use that information without checking if the certificate is valid.</p>
+
+<sample src="SSLResultNotCheckedBad.cpp" />
+
+<p>In the corrected example, we use <code>SSL_get_verify_result</code> to check that certificate verification was successful.</p>
+
+<sample src="SSLResultNotCheckedGood.cpp" />
+
+</example>
+<references>
+
+</references>
+</qhelp>

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotChecked.ql

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * @name Certificate not checked
+ * @description Always check the result of certificate verification after fetching an SSL certificate.
+ * @kind problem
+ * @problem.severity error
+ * @security-severity 7.5
+ * @precision medium
+ * @id cpp/certificate-not-checked
+ * @tags security
+ *       external/cwe/cwe-295
+ */
+
+import cpp
+import semmle.code.cpp.valuenumbering.GlobalValueNumbering
+import semmle.code.cpp.controlflow.IRGuards
+
+/**
+ * A call to `SSL_get_peer_certificate`.
+ */
+class SSLGetPeerCertificateCall extends FunctionCall {
+  SSLGetPeerCertificateCall() {
+    getTarget().getName() = "SSL_get_peer_certificate" // SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl)
+  }
+
+  Expr getSSLArgument() { result = getArgument(0) }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A call to `SSL_get_verify_result`.
+ */
+class SSLGetVerifyResultCall extends FunctionCall {
+  SSLGetVerifyResultCall() {
+    getTarget().getName() = "SSL_get_verify_result" // SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl)
+  }
+
+  Expr getSSLArgument() { result = getArgument(0) }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Holds if the SSL object passed into `SSL_get_peer_certificate` is checked with
+ * `SSL_get_verify_result` entering `node`.
+ */
+predicate resultIsChecked(SSLGetPeerCertificateCall getCertCall, ControlFlowNode node) {
+  exists(Expr ssl, SSLGetVerifyResultCall check |
+    ssl = globalValueNumber(getCertCall.getSSLArgument()).getAnExpr() and
+    ssl = check.getSSLArgument() and
+    node = check
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Holds if the certificate returned by `SSL_get_peer_certificate` is found to be
+ * `0` on the edge `node1` to `node2`.
+ */
+predicate certIsZero(
+  SSLGetPeerCertificateCall getCertCall, ControlFlowNode node1, ControlFlowNode node2
+) {
+  exists(Expr cert | cert = globalValueNumber(getCertCall).getAnExpr() |
+    exists(GuardCondition guard, Expr zero |
+      zero.getValue().toInt() = 0 and
+      node1 = guard and
+      (
+        // if (cert == zero) {
+        guard.comparesEq(cert, zero, 0, true, true) and
+        node2 = guard.getATrueSuccessor()
+        or
+        // if (cert != zero) { }
+        guard.comparesEq(cert, zero, 0, false, true) and
+        node2 = guard.getAFalseSuccessor()
+      )
+    )
+    or
+    (
+      // if (cert) { }
+      node1 = cert
+      or
+      // if (!cert) {
+      node1.(NotExpr).getAChild() = cert
+    ) and
+    node2 = node1.getASuccessor() and
+    not cert.(GuardCondition).controls(node2, true) // cert may be false
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Holds if the SSL object passed into `SSL_get_peer_certificate` has not been checked with
+ * `SSL_get_verify_result` at `node`. Note that this is only computed at the call to
+ * `SSL_get_peer_certificate` and at the start and end of `BasicBlock`s.
+ */
+predicate certNotChecked(SSLGetPeerCertificateCall getCertCall, ControlFlowNode node) {
+  // cert is not checked at the call to `SSL_get_peer_certificate`
+  node = getCertCall
+  or
+  exists(BasicBlock bb, int pos |
+    // flow to end of a `BasicBlock`
+    certNotChecked(getCertCall, bb.getNode(pos)) and
+    node = bb.getEnd() and
+    // check for barrier node
+    not exists(int pos2 |
+      pos2 > pos and
+      resultIsChecked(getCertCall, bb.getNode(pos2))
+    )
+  )
+  or
+  exists(BasicBlock pred, BasicBlock bb |
+    // flow from the end of one `BasicBlock` to the beginning of a successor
+    certNotChecked(getCertCall, pred.getEnd()) and
+    bb = pred.getASuccessor() and
+    node = bb.getStart() and
+    // check for barrier bb
+    not certIsZero(getCertCall, pred.getEnd(), bb.getStart())
+  )
+}
+
+from SSLGetPeerCertificateCall getCertCall, ControlFlowNode node
+where
+  certNotChecked(getCertCall, node) and
+  node instanceof Function // (function exit)
+select getCertCall,
+  "This " + getCertCall.toString() + " is not followed by a call to SSL_get_verify_result."

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotCheckedBad.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// ...
+
+X509 *cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // BAD (SSL_get_verify_result is never called)
+
+// ...

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotCheckedGood.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// ...
+
+X509 *cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD
+if (cert)
+{
+	result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+	if (result == X509_V_OK)
+	{
+		// ...

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-311/CleartextFileWrite.ql

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * @precision high
  * @id cpp/cleartext-storage-file
  * @tags security
+ *       external/cwe/cwe-260
  *       external/cwe/cwe-313
  */
 

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-311/CleartextTransmission.ql

@@ -14,105 +14,188 @@
 import cpp
 import semmle.code.cpp.security.SensitiveExprs
 import semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.TaintTracking
+import semmle.code.cpp.valuenumbering.GlobalValueNumbering
 import semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.FlowSource
 import DataFlow::PathGraph
 
 /**
- * A function call that sends or receives data over a network.
+ * A DataFlow node corresponding to a variable or function call that
+ * might contain or return a password or other sensitive information.
  */
-abstract class NetworkSendRecv extends FunctionCall {
+class SensitiveNode extends DataFlow::Node {
+  SensitiveNode() {
+    this.asExpr() = any(SensitiveVariable sv).getInitializer().getExpr() or
+    this.asExpr().(VariableAccess).getTarget() =
+      any(SensitiveVariable sv).(GlobalOrNamespaceVariable) or
+    this.asUninitialized() instanceof SensitiveVariable or
+    this.asParameter() instanceof SensitiveVariable or
+    this.asExpr().(FunctionCall).getTarget() instanceof SensitiveFunction
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A function that sends or receives data over a network.
+ */
+abstract class SendRecv extends Function {
   /**
    * Gets the expression for the socket or similar object used for sending or
-   * receiving data (if any).
+   * receiving data through the function call `call` (if any).
    */
-  abstract Expr getSocketExpr();
+  abstract Expr getSocketExpr(Call call);
 
   /**
-   * Gets the expression for the buffer to be sent from / received into.
+   * Gets the expression for the buffer to be sent from / received into through
+   * the function call `call`.
    */
-  abstract Expr getDataExpr();
+  abstract Expr getDataExpr(Call call);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A function that sends data over a network.
+ */
+class Send extends SendRecv instanceof RemoteFlowSinkFunction {
+  override Expr getSocketExpr(Call call) {
+    call.getTarget() = this and
+    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
+      super.hasSocketInput(input) and
+      input.isParameter(arg) and
+      result = call.getArgument(arg)
+    )
+  }
+
+  override Expr getDataExpr(Call call) {
+    call.getTarget() = this and
+    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
+      super.hasRemoteFlowSink(input, _) and
+      input.isParameterDeref(arg) and
+      result = call.getArgument(arg)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A function that receives data over a network.
+ */
+class Recv extends SendRecv instanceof RemoteFlowSourceFunction {
+  override Expr getSocketExpr(Call call) {
+    call.getTarget() = this and
+    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
+      super.hasSocketInput(input) and
+      input.isParameter(arg) and
+      result = call.getArgument(arg)
+    )
+  }
+
+  override Expr getDataExpr(Call call) {
+    call.getTarget() = this and
+    exists(FunctionOutput output, int arg |
+      super.hasRemoteFlowSource(output, _) and
+      output.isParameterDeref(arg) and
+      result = call.getArgument(arg)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A function call that sends or receives data over a network.
+ *
+ * note: function calls such as `write` may be writing to a network source
+ * or a file. We could attempt to determine which, and sort results into
+ * `cpp/cleartext-transmission` and perhaps `cpp/cleartext-storage-file`. In
+ * practice it usually isn't very important which query reports a result as
+ * long as its reported exactly once.
+ *
+ * We do exclude function calls that specify a constant socket, which is
+ * likely to mean standard input, standard output or a similar channel.
+ */
+abstract class NetworkSendRecv extends FunctionCall {
+  SendRecv target;
+
+  NetworkSendRecv() {
+    this.getTarget() = target and
+    // exclude calls based on the socket...
+    not exists(GVN g |
+      g = globalValueNumber(target.getSocketExpr(this)) and
+      (
+        // literal constant
+        globalValueNumber(any(Literal l)) = g
+        or
+        // variable (such as a global) initialized to a literal constant
+        exists(Variable v |
+          v.getInitializer().getExpr() instanceof Literal and
+          g = globalValueNumber(v.getAnAccess())
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  final Expr getDataExpr() { result = target.getDataExpr(this) }
 }
 
 /**
  * A function call that sends data over a network.
- *
- * note: functions such as `write` may be writing to a network source or a file. We could attempt to determine which, and sort results into `cpp/cleartext-transmission` and perhaps `cpp/cleartext-storage-file`. In practice it usually isn't very important which query reports a result as long as its reported exactly once.
  */
 class NetworkSend extends NetworkSendRecv {
-  RemoteFlowSinkFunction target;
+  override Send target;
-
-  NetworkSend() { target = this.getTarget() }
-
-  override Expr getSocketExpr() {
-    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
-      target.hasSocketInput(input) and
-      input.isParameter(arg) and
-      result = this.getArgument(arg)
-    )
-  }
-
-  override Expr getDataExpr() {
-    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
-      target.hasRemoteFlowSink(input, _) and
-      input.isParameterDeref(arg) and
-      result = this.getArgument(arg)
-    )
-  }
 }
 
 /**
  * A function call that receives data over a network.
  */
 class NetworkRecv extends NetworkSendRecv {
-  RemoteFlowSourceFunction target;
+  override Recv target;
-
-  NetworkRecv() { target = this.getTarget() }
-
-  override Expr getSocketExpr() {
-    exists(FunctionInput input, int arg |
-      target.hasSocketInput(input) and
-      input.isParameter(arg) and
-      result = this.getArgument(arg)
-    )
-  }
-
-  override Expr getDataExpr() {
-    exists(FunctionOutput output, int arg |
-      target.hasRemoteFlowSource(output, _) and
-      output.isParameterDeref(arg) and
-      result = this.getArgument(arg)
-    )
-  }
 }
 
 /**
- * Taint flow from a sensitive expression to a network operation with data
+ * An expression that is an argument or return value from an encryption or
- * tainted by that expression.
+ * decryption call.
  */
-class SensitiveSendRecvConfiguration extends TaintTracking::Configuration {
+class Encrypted extends Expr {
-  SensitiveSendRecvConfiguration() { this = "SensitiveSendRecvConfiguration" }
+  Encrypted() {
-
+    exists(FunctionCall fc |
-  override predicate isSource(DataFlow::Node source) { source.asExpr() instanceof SensitiveExpr }
+      fc.getTarget().getName().toLowerCase().regexpMatch(".*(crypt|encode|decode).*") and
-
+      (
-  override predicate isSink(DataFlow::Node sink) {
+        this = fc or
-    exists(NetworkSendRecv transmission |
+        this = fc.getAnArgument()
-      sink.asExpr() = transmission.getDataExpr() and
-      // a zero socket descriptor is standard input, which is not interesting for this query.
-      not exists(Zero zero |
-        DataFlow::localFlow(DataFlow::exprNode(zero),
-          DataFlow::exprNode(transmission.getSocketExpr()))
       )
     )
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Taint flow from a sensitive expression.
+ */
+class FromSensitiveConfiguration extends TaintTracking::Configuration {
+  FromSensitiveConfiguration() { this = "FromSensitiveConfiguration" }
+
+  override predicate isSource(DataFlow::Node source) { source instanceof SensitiveNode }
+
+  override predicate isSink(DataFlow::Node sink) {
+    sink.asExpr() = any(NetworkSendRecv nsr).getDataExpr()
+    or
+    sink.asExpr() instanceof Encrypted
+  }
+
+  override predicate isAdditionalTaintStep(DataFlow::Node node1, DataFlow::Node node2) {
+    // flow through encryption functions to the return value (in case we can reach other sinks)
+    node2.asExpr().(Encrypted).(FunctionCall).getAnArgument() = node1.asExpr()
+  }
+}
+
 from
-  SensitiveSendRecvConfiguration config, DataFlow::PathNode source, DataFlow::PathNode sink,
+  FromSensitiveConfiguration config, DataFlow::PathNode source, DataFlow::PathNode sink,
-  NetworkSendRecv transmission, string msg
+  NetworkSendRecv networkSendRecv, string msg
 where
+  // flow from sensitive -> network data
   config.hasFlowPath(source, sink) and
-  sink.getNode().asExpr() = transmission.getDataExpr() and
+  sink.getNode().asExpr() = networkSendRecv.getDataExpr() and
-  if transmission instanceof NetworkSend
+  // no flow from sensitive -> evidence of encryption
+  not exists(DataFlow::Node encrypted |
+    config.hasFlow(source.getNode(), encrypted) and
+    encrypted.asExpr() instanceof Encrypted
+  ) and
+  // construct result
+  if networkSendRecv instanceof NetworkSend
   then
     msg =
       "This operation transmits '" + sink.toString() +
@@ -121,4 +204,4 @@ where
     msg =
       "This operation receives into '" + sink.toString() +
         "', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@"
-select transmission, source, sink, msg, source, source.getNode().asExpr().toString()
+select networkSendRecv, source, sink, msg, source, source.getNode().toString()

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-319/UseOfHttp.ql

@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ class PrivateHostName extends string {
   }
 }
 
+pragma[nomagic]
+predicate privateHostNameFlowsToExpr(Expr e) {
+  TaintTracking::localExprTaint(any(StringLiteral p | p.getValue() instanceof PrivateHostName), e)
+}
+
 /**
  * A string containing an HTTP URL not in a private domain.
  */
@@ -38,11 +43,9 @@ class HttpStringLiteral extends StringLiteral {
       or
       exists(string tail |
         tail = s.regexpCapture("http://(.*)", 1) and not tail instanceof PrivateHostName
-      ) and
+      )
-      not TaintTracking::localExprTaint(any(StringLiteral p |
+    ) and
-          p.getValue() instanceof PrivateHostName
+    not privateHostNameFlowsToExpr(this.getParent*())
-        ), this.getParent*())
-    )
   }
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-457/InitializationFunctions.qll

@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class ParameterNullCheck extends ParameterCheck {
     p.getFunction() instanceof InitializationFunction and
     p.getType().getUnspecifiedType() instanceof PointerType and
     exists(VariableAccess va | va = p.getAnAccess() |
-      nullSuccessor = getATrueSuccessor() and
+      nullSuccessor = this.getATrueSuccessor() and
-      notNullSuccessor = getAFalseSuccessor() and
+      notNullSuccessor = this.getAFalseSuccessor() and
       (
         va = this.(NotExpr).getOperand() or
         va = any(EQExpr eq | eq = this and eq.getAnOperand().getValue() = "0").getAnOperand() or
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ class ParameterNullCheck extends ParameterCheck {
               .getAnOperand()
       )
       or
-      nullSuccessor = getAFalseSuccessor() and
+      nullSuccessor = this.getAFalseSuccessor() and
-      notNullSuccessor = getATrueSuccessor() and
+      notNullSuccessor = this.getATrueSuccessor() and
       (
         va = this or
         va = any(NEExpr eq | eq = this and eq.getAnOperand().getValue() = "0").getAnOperand() or
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class ValidatedExternalCondInitFunction extends ExternalData {
   ValidatedExternalCondInitFunction() { this.getDataPath().matches("%cond-init%.csv") }
 
   predicate isExternallyVerified(Function f, int param) {
-    functionSignature(f, getField(1), getField(2)) and param = getFieldAsInt(3)
+    functionSignature(f, this.getField(1), this.getField(2)) and param = this.getFieldAsInt(3)
   }
 }
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
             .getAnOverridingFunction+()
             .(InitializationFunction)
             .initializedParameter() or
-      getParameter(i) = any(InitializationFunctionCall c).getAnInitParameter()
+      this.getParameter(i) = any(InitializationFunctionCall c).getAnInitParameter()
     )
     or
     // If we have no definition, we look at SAL annotations
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
         result = getAnInitializedArgument(any(Call c))
         or
         exists(IfStmt check | result = check.getCondition().getAChild*() |
-          paramReassignmentCondition(check)
+          this.paramReassignmentCondition(check)
         )
       )
       or
@@ -249,15 +249,15 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
 
   /** Holds if `n` can be reached without the parameter at `index` being reassigned. */
   predicate paramNotReassignedAt(ControlFlowNode n, int index, Context c) {
-    c = getAContext(index) and
+    c = this.getAContext(index) and
     (
       not exists(this.getEntryPoint()) and index = i and n = this
       or
       n = this.getEntryPoint() and index = i
       or
-      exists(ControlFlowNode mid | paramNotReassignedAt(mid, index, c) |
+      exists(ControlFlowNode mid | this.paramNotReassignedAt(mid, index, c) |
         n = mid.getASuccessor() and
-        not n = paramReassignment(index) and
+        not n = this.paramReassignment(index) and
         /*
          * Ignore successor edges where the parameter is null, because it is then confirmed to be
          * initialized.
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
 
         not exists(ParameterNullCheck nullCheck |
           nullCheck = mid and
-          nullCheck = getANullCheck(index) and
+          nullCheck = this.getANullCheck(index) and
           n = nullCheck.getNullSuccessor()
         ) and
         /*
@@ -281,13 +281,13 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
 
   /** Gets a null-check on the parameter at `index`. */
   private ParameterNullCheck getANullCheck(int index) {
-    getParameter(index) = result.getParameter()
+    this.getParameter(index) = result.getParameter()
   }
 
   /** Gets a parameter which is not at the given index. */
   private Parameter getOtherParameter(int index) {
     index = i and
-    result = getAParameter() and
+    result = this.getAParameter() and
     not result.getIndex() = index
   }
 
@@ -306,10 +306,10 @@ class InitializationFunction extends Function {
     if
       strictcount(Parameter p |
         exists(Context c | c = ParamNull(p) or c = ParamNotNull(p)) and
-        p = getOtherParameter(index)
+        p = this.getOtherParameter(index)
       ) = 1
     then
-      exists(Parameter p | p = getOtherParameter(index) |
+      exists(Parameter p | p = this.getOtherParameter(index) |
         result = ParamNull(p) or result = ParamNotNull(p)
       )
     else
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ class ConditionalInitializationCall extends FunctionCall {
 
   /** Gets the argument passed for the given parameter to this call. */
   Expr getArgumentForParameter(Parameter p) {
-    p = getTarget().getAParameter() and
+    p = this.getTarget().getAParameter() and
-    result = getArgument(p.getIndex())
+    result = this.getArgument(p.getIndex())
   }
 
   /**
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class ConditionalInitializationCall extends FunctionCall {
         context = ParamNotNull(otherP) or
         context = ParamNull(otherP)
       |
-        otherArg = getArgumentForParameter(otherP) and
+        otherArg = this.getArgumentForParameter(otherP) and
         (otherArg instanceof AddressOfExpr implies context = ParamNotNull(otherP)) and
         (otherArg.getType() instanceof ArrayType implies context = ParamNotNull(otherP)) and
         (otherArg.getValue() = "0" implies context = ParamNull(otherP))
@@ -511,8 +511,8 @@ class ConditionalInitializationCall extends FunctionCall {
         )
     )
     or
-    exists(ControlFlowNode mid | mid = uncheckedReaches(var) |
+    exists(ControlFlowNode mid | mid = this.uncheckedReaches(var) |
-      not mid = getStatusVariable().getAnAccess() and
+      not mid = this.getStatusVariable().getAnAccess() and
       not mid = var.getAnAccess() and
       not exists(VariableAccess write | result = write and write = var.getAnAccess() |
         write = any(AssignExpr a).getLValue() or

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-457/UninitializedVariables.qll

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     // Find a call that conditionally initializes this variable
     hasConditionalInitialization(f, call, this, initAccess, e) and
     // Ignore cases where the variable is assigned prior to the call
-    not reaches(getAnAssignedValue(), initAccess) and
+    not reaches(this.getAnAssignedValue(), initAccess) and
     // Ignore cases where the variable is assigned field-wise prior to the call.
     not exists(FieldAccess fa |
       exists(Assignment a |
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     ) and
     // Ignore cases where the variable is assigned by a prior call to an initialization function
     not exists(Call c |
-      getAnAccess() = getAnInitializedArgument(c).(AddressOfExpr).getOperand() and
+      this.getAnAccess() = getAnInitializedArgument(c).(AddressOfExpr).getOperand() and
       reaches(c, initAccess)
     ) and
     /*
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
      * the CFG, but should always be considered as initialized, so exclude them.
      */
 
-    not exists(getInitializer().getExpr())
+    not exists(this.getInitializer().getExpr())
   }
 
   /**
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     // Variable associated with this particular call
     call = initializingCall and
     // Access is a meaningful read access
-    result = getAReadAccess() and
+    result = this.getAReadAccess() and
     // Which occurs after the call
     reaches(call, result) and
     /*
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     call = initializingCall and
     initializingFunction = f and
     e = evidence and
-    result = getAReadAccessAfterCall(initializingCall) and
+    result = this.getAReadAccessAfterCall(initializingCall) and
     (
       // Access is risky because status return code ignored completely
       call instanceof ExprInVoidContext
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     call = initializingCall and
     initializingFunction = f and
     e = evidence and
-    result = getAReadAccessAfterCall(initializingCall) and
+    result = this.getAReadAccessAfterCall(initializingCall) and
     exists(LocalVariable status, Assignment a |
       a.getRValue() = call and
       call = status.getAnAssignedValue() and
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class ConditionallyInitializedVariable extends LocalVariable {
     ConditionalInitializationFunction initializingFunction,
     ConditionalInitializationCall initializingCall, Evidence evidence
   ) {
-    result = getARiskyAccessBeforeStatusCheck(initializingFunction, initializingCall, evidence) or
+    result = this.getARiskyAccessBeforeStatusCheck(initializingFunction, initializingCall, evidence) or
-    result = getARiskyAccessWithNoStatusCheck(initializingFunction, initializingCall, evidence)
+    result = this.getARiskyAccessWithNoStatusCheck(initializingFunction, initializingCall, evidence)
   }
 }

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-497/ExposedSystemData.ql

@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ abstract class SystemData extends Element {
    */
   Expr getAnExprIndirect() {
     // direct SystemData
-    result = getAnExpr() or
+    result = this.getAnExpr() or
     // flow via global or member variable (conservative approximation)
-    result = getAnAffectedVar().getAnAccess() or
+    result = this.getAnAffectedVar().getAnAccess() or
     // flow via stack variable
-    definitionUsePair(_, getAnExprIndirect(), result) or
+    definitionUsePair(_, this.getAnExprIndirect(), result) or
-    useUsePair(_, getAnExprIndirect(), result) or
+    useUsePair(_, this.getAnExprIndirect(), result) or
-    useUsePair(_, result, getAnExprIndirect()) or
+    useUsePair(_, result, this.getAnExprIndirect()) or
     // flow from assigned value to assignment expression
-    result.(AssignExpr).getRValue() = getAnExprIndirect()
+    result.(AssignExpr).getRValue() = this.getAnExprIndirect()
   }
 
   /**

cpp/ql/src/Security/CWE/CWE-676/DangerousUseOfCin.ql

@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ class IFStream extends Type {
  */
 class CinVariable extends NamespaceVariable {
   CinVariable() {
-    getName() = ["cin", "wcin"] and
+    this.getName() = ["cin", "wcin"] and
-    getNamespace().getName() = "std"
+    this.getNamespace().getName() = "std"
   }
 }
 
 /** A call to `std::operator>>`. */
 class OperatorRShiftCall extends FunctionCall {
   OperatorRShiftCall() {
-    getTarget().getNamespace().getName() = "std" and
+    this.getTarget().getNamespace().getName() = "std" and
-    getTarget().hasName("operator>>")
+    this.getTarget().hasName("operator>>")
   }
 
   /*
@@ -87,15 +87,15 @@ class OperatorRShiftCall extends FunctionCall {
    */
 
   Expr getSource() {
-    if getTarget() instanceof MemberFunction
+    if this.getTarget() instanceof MemberFunction
-    then result = getQualifier()
+    then result = this.getQualifier()
-    else result = getArgument(0)
+    else result = this.getArgument(0)
   }
 
   Expr getDest() {
-    if getTarget() instanceof MemberFunction
+    if this.getTarget() instanceof MemberFunction
-    then result = getArgument(0)
+    then result = this.getArgument(0)
-    else result = getArgument(1)
+    else result = this.getArgument(1)
   }
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ abstract class PotentiallyDangerousInput extends Expr {
    * Gets the width restriction that applies to the input stream
    * for this expression, if any.
    */
-  Expr getWidth() { result = getPreviousAccess().getWidthAfter() }
+  Expr getWidth() { result = this.getPreviousAccess().getWidthAfter() }
 
   private Expr getWidthSetHere() {
     exists(FunctionCall widthCall |
@@ -154,11 +154,11 @@ abstract class PotentiallyDangerousInput extends Expr {
    * after this expression, if any.
    */
   Expr getWidthAfter() {
-    result = getWidthSetHere()
+    result = this.getWidthSetHere()
     or
-    not exists(getWidthSetHere()) and
+    not exists(this.getWidthSetHere()) and
-    not isWidthConsumedHere() and
+    not this.isWidthConsumedHere() and
-    result = getWidth()
+    result = this.getWidth()
   }
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/experimental/Security/CWE/CWE-273/PrivilegeDroppingOutoforder.ql

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ predicate argumentMayBeRoot(Expr e) {
 
 class SetuidLikeFunctionCall extends FunctionCall {
   SetuidLikeFunctionCall() {
-    (getTarget().hasGlobalName("setuid") or getTarget().hasGlobalName("setresuid")) and
+    (this.getTarget().hasGlobalName("setuid") or this.getTarget().hasGlobalName("setresuid")) and
     // setuid/setresuid with the root user are false positives.
-    not argumentMayBeRoot(getArgument(0))
+    not argumentMayBeRoot(this.getArgument(0))
   }
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class SetuidLikeWrapperCall extends FunctionCall {
 
 class CallBeforeSetuidFunctionCall extends FunctionCall {
   CallBeforeSetuidFunctionCall() {
-    getTarget()
+    this.getTarget()
         .hasGlobalName([
             "setgid", "setresgid",
             // Compatibility may require skipping initgroups and setgroups return checks.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class CallBeforeSetuidFunctionCall extends FunctionCall {
             "initgroups", "setgroups"
           ]) and
     // setgid/setresgid/etc with the root group are false positives.
-    not argumentMayBeRoot(getArgument(0))
+    not argumentMayBeRoot(this.getArgument(0))
   }
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/experimental/Security/CWE/CWE-401/MemoryLeakOnFailedCallToRealloc.ql

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CallMayNotReturn extends FunctionCall {
     not exists(this.(ControlFlowNode).getASuccessor())
     or
     // call to another function that may not return
-    exists(CallMayNotReturn exit | getTarget() = exit.getEnclosingFunction())
+    exists(CallMayNotReturn exit | this.getTarget() = exit.getEnclosingFunction())
   }
 }
 

cpp/ql/src/experimental/Security/CWE/CWE-703/FindIncorrectlyUsedExceptions.ql

@@ -38,13 +38,7 @@ where
     fc.getTargetType().(Class).getABaseClass+().hasGlobalOrStdName("exception") or
     fc.getTargetType().(Class).getABaseClass+().hasGlobalOrStdName("CException")
   ) and
+  fc instanceof ExprInVoidContext and
   not fc.isInMacroExpansion() and
-  not exists(ThrowExpr texp | fc.getEnclosingStmt() = texp.getEnclosingStmt()) and
+  msg = "Object creation of exception type on stack. Did you forget the throw keyword?"
-  not exists(FunctionCall fctmp | fctmp.getAnArgument() = fc) and
-  not fc instanceof ConstructorDirectInit and
-  not fc.getEnclosingStmt() instanceof DeclStmt and
-  not fc instanceof ConstructorDelegationInit and
-  not fc.getParent() instanceof Initializer and
-  not fc.getParent() instanceof AllocationExpr and
-  msg = "This object does not generate an exception."
 select fc, msg

cpp/ql/src/jsf/4.10 Classes/AV Rule 79.ql

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ private predicate exprReleases(Expr e, Expr released, string kind) {
 }
 
 class Resource extends MemberVariable {
-  Resource() { not isStatic() }
+  Resource() { not this.isStatic() }
 
   // Check that an expr is somewhere in this class - does not have to be a constructor
   predicate inSameClass(Expr e) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class Resource extends MemberVariable {
     f instanceof Destructor and f.getDeclaringType() = this.getDeclaringType()
     or
     exists(Function mid, FunctionCall fc |
-      calledFromDestructor(mid) and
+      this.calledFromDestructor(mid) and
       fc.getEnclosingFunction() = mid and
       fc.getTarget() = f and
       f.getDeclaringType() = this.getDeclaringType()
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class Resource extends MemberVariable {
   }
 
   predicate inDestructor(Expr e) {
-    exists(Function f | f = e.getEnclosingFunction() | calledFromDestructor(f))
+    exists(Function f | f = e.getEnclosingFunction() | this.calledFromDestructor(f))
   }
 
   predicate acquisitionWithRequiredKind(Assignment acquireAssign, string kind) {

cpp/ql/src/qlpack.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: codeql/cpp-queries
-version: 0.0.4
+version: 0.0.5-dev
 groups: cpp
 dependencies:
     codeql/cpp-all: "*"

cpp/ql/test/experimental/library-tests/rangeanalysis/extensibility/extensibility.ql

@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ class CustomAddFunctionCall extends SimpleRangeAnalysisExpr, FunctionCall {
 
 class SelfSub extends SimpleRangeAnalysisExpr, SubExpr {
   SelfSub() {
-    getLeftOperand().(VariableAccess).getTarget() = getRightOperand().(VariableAccess).getTarget()
+    this.getLeftOperand().(VariableAccess).getTarget() =
+      this.getRightOperand().(VariableAccess).getTarget()
   }
 
   override float getLowerBounds() { result = 0 }

cpp/ql/test/experimental/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-703/semmle/tests/FindIncorrectlyUsedExceptions.expected

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-| test.cpp:35:3:35:33 | call to runtime_error | This object does not generate an exception. |
+| test.cpp:35:3:35:33 | call to runtime_error | Object creation of exception type on stack. Did you forget the throw keyword? |
 | test.cpp:41:3:41:11 | call to funcTest1 | There is an exception in the function that requires your attention. |
 | test.cpp:42:3:42:9 | call to DllMain | DllMain contains an exeption not wrapped in a try..catch block. |

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Likely Bugs/Arithmetic/BadAdditionOverflowCheck/templates.cpp

@@ -20,3 +20,22 @@ bool compareValues() {
 bool callCompareValues() {
   return compareValues<C1, C2> || compareValues<C1, C1>();
 }
+
+template <bool C, typename T = void>
+struct enable_if {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct enable_if<true, T> { typedef T type; };
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+typename enable_if<T1::value <= T2::value, bool>::type constant_comparison() {
+  return true;
+}
+
+struct Value0 {
+  const static int value = 0;
+};
+
+void instantiation_with_pointless_comparison() {
+  constant_comparison<Value0, Value0>(); // GOOD
+}

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-242/semmle/tests/OverrunWrite.expected

@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
 | tests.cpp:272:2:272:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 9 bytes but the destination is only 8 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:273:2:273:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 9 bytes but the destination is only 8 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:308:3:308:9 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 9 bytes but the destination is only 8 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:315:2:315:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:315:2:315:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:316:2:316:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:316:2:316:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:321:2:321:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:321:2:321:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:324:3:324:9 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:324:3:324:9 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:327:2:327:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 12 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:327:2:327:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 12 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
-| tests.cpp:329:3:329:9 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 12 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:329:3:329:9 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 12 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:341:2:341:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 3 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:343:2:343:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 3 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:345:2:345:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 11 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
 | tests.cpp:347:2:347:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 3 bytes but the destination is only 2 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:350:2:350:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 4 bytes but the destination is only 3 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:354:2:354:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 4 bytes but the destination is only 3 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:358:2:358:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 4 bytes but the destination is only 3 bytes. |
+| tests.cpp:363:2:363:8 | call to sprintf | This 'call to sprintf' operation requires 5 bytes but the destination is only 4 bytes. |

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-242/semmle/tests/tests.cpp

@@ -310,39 +310,56 @@ namespace custom_sprintf_impl {
 }
 
 void test6(unsigned unsigned_value, int value) {
-	char buffer[2];
+	char buffer2[2], buffer3[3], buffer4[4], buffer5[5];
 	
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%u", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%d", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
-	if (unsigned_value < 10) {
+	if (unsigned_value < 1000) {
-		sprintf(buffer, "%u", unsigned_value); // GOOD
+		sprintf(buffer4, "%u", unsigned_value); // GOOD
 	}
 
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", -10); // BAD: buffer overflow
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%u", -100); // BAD: buffer overflow
 
-	if(unsigned_value == (unsigned)-10) {
+	if(unsigned_value == (unsigned)-100) {
-		sprintf(buffer, "%u", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
+		sprintf(buffer4, "%u", unsigned_value); // BAD: buffer overflow
 	}
 
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", value); // BAD: buffer overflow
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%d", value); // BAD: buffer overflow
-	if (value < 10) {
+	if (value < 1000) {
-		sprintf(buffer, "%d", value); // BAD: buffer overflow
+		sprintf(buffer4, "%d", value); // BAD: buffer overflow
 
-		if(value > 0) {
+		if(value > -100) {
-			sprintf(buffer, "%d", value); // GOOD
+			sprintf(buffer4, "%d", value); // GOOD
 		}
 	}
 
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", 0); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%u", 0); // GOOD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", 0); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%d", 0); // GOOD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", 5); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%u", 5); // GOOD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", 5); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%d", 5); // GOOD
 
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", -1); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%d", -1); // BAD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", 9); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%d", 9); // GOOD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%d", 10); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%d", 10); // BAD
 
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", -1); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%u", -1); // BAD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", 9); // GOOD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%u", 9); // GOOD
-	sprintf(buffer, "%u", 10); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer2, "%u", 10); // BAD
+
+	unsigned char unsigned_char = unsigned_value;
+	sprintf(buffer3, "%u", (unsigned)unsigned_char); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%u", (unsigned)unsigned_char); // GOOD: 0..255 fits
+
+	unsigned small = unsigned_value >> (sizeof(unsigned_value) * 8 - 9);  // in range 0..511
+	sprintf(buffer3, "%u", small); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%u", small); // GOOD
+
+	small = unsigned_value & ((1u << 9) - 1);  // in range 0..511
+	sprintf(buffer3, "%u", small); // BAD
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%u", small); // GOOD: 0..511 fits
+
+	char c = value;
+
+	sprintf(buffer4, "%d", (int)c); // BAD: e.g. -127 does not fit
+	sprintf(buffer5, "%d", (int)c); // GOOD: -127..128 fits
 }

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflation.expected

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+| test.cpp:18:9:18:38 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:100:18:100:38 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:38:7:38:36 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:36:16:36:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:54:7:54:47 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:52:16:52:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:62:7:62:36 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:60:16:60:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:70:7:70:36 | ... && ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:68:16:68:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:83:7:83:40 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:78:16:78:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:87:7:87:38 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:7:57:7:77 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |
+| test.cpp:107:13:107:42 | ... \|\| ... | This expression conflates OK and non-OK results from $@. | test.cpp:105:16:105:36 | call to SSL_get_verify_result | call to SSL_get_verify_result |

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflation.qlref

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultConflation.ql

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotChecked.expected

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+| test2.cpp:13:13:13:36 | call to SSL_get_peer_certificate | This call to SSL_get_peer_certificate is not followed by a call to SSL_get_verify_result. |
+| test2.cpp:28:13:28:36 | call to SSL_get_peer_certificate | This call to SSL_get_peer_certificate is not followed by a call to SSL_get_verify_result. |
+| test2.cpp:61:9:61:32 | call to SSL_get_peer_certificate | This call to SSL_get_peer_certificate is not followed by a call to SSL_get_verify_result. |
+| test2.cpp:89:9:89:32 | call to SSL_get_peer_certificate | This call to SSL_get_peer_certificate is not followed by a call to SSL_get_verify_result. |

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotChecked.qlref

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Security/CWE/CWE-295/SSLResultNotChecked.ql

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+
+struct SSL {
+	// ...
+};
+
+int SSL_get_verify_result(const SSL *ssl);
+int get_verify_result_indirect(const SSL *ssl) { return SSL_get_verify_result(ssl); }
+
+int something_else(const SSL *ssl);
+
+bool is_ok(int result)
+{
+	return (result == 0); // GOOD
+}
+
+bool is_maybe_ok(int result)
+{
+	return (result == 0) || (result == 1); // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+}
+
+void test1_1(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if (result == 0) // GOOD
+		{
+		}
+
+		if (result == 1) // GOOD
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if ((result == 0) || (result == 1)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if ((result == 1) || (result == 2)) // GOOD (both results are non-OK)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if ((result == 0) || (false) || (result == 2)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if ((0 == result) || (1 == result)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if ((result != 0) && (result != 1)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		} else {
+			// conflation occurs here
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+		int result_cpy = result;
+		int result2 = get_verify_result_indirect(ssl);
+		int result3 = something_else(ssl);
+
+		if ((result == 0) || (result_cpy == 1)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		}
+	
+		if ((result2 == 0) || (result2 == 1)) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+		{
+		}
+	
+		if ((result3 == 0) || (result3 == 1)) // GOOD (not an SSL result)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (is_ok(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl)))
+	{
+	}
+
+	if (is_maybe_ok(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl)))
+	{
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		bool ok = (result == 0) || (result == 1); // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes)
+	
+		if (ok) {
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if (result == 1) // BAD (conflates OK and a non-OK codes in `else`) [NOT DETECTED]
+		{
+		} else {
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void do_good();
+
+void test1_2(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+	if (result == 0) { // GOOD
+		do_good();
+	} else if (result == 1) {
+		throw 1;
+	} else {
+		throw 1;
+	}
+}
+
+void test1_3(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+	if (result == 0) { // BAD (error code 1 is treated as OK, not as non-OK) [NOT DETECTED]
+		do_good();
+	} else if (result == 1) {
+		do_good();
+	} else {
+		throw 1;
+	}
+}

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-295/test2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+
+struct SSL {
+	// ...
+};
+
+int SSL_get_peer_certificate(const SSL *ssl);
+int SSL_get_verify_result(const SSL *ssl);
+
+bool maybe();
+
+bool test2_1(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // BAD (SSL_get_verify_result is never called)
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_2(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is always called)
+	int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+	return (result == 0);
+}
+
+bool test2_3(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // BAD (SSL_get_verify_result may not be called)
+
+	if (maybe())
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		return (result == 0);
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_4(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert, result;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+	if (cert != 0)
+	{
+		result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+		if (result == 0)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool test2_5(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert, result;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // BAD (SSL_get_verify_result is not used reliably)
+	if ((cert != 0) && (maybe()))
+	{
+		result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+		if (result == 0)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool test2_6(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+	if (cert == 0) return false;
+	if (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) != 0) return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_7(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // BAD (SSL_get_verify_result is only called when there is not a cert)
+	if (cert != 0) return false;
+	if (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) != 0) return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_8(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+	if (!cert) return false;
+	if (!SSL_get_verify_result(ssl)) return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_9(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+	if ((!cert) || (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) != 0)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_10(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+
+	if (cert)
+	{
+		int result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
+
+		if (result == 0)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool test2_11(SSL *ssl)
+{
+	int cert;
+
+	cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); // GOOD (SSL_get_verify_result is called when there is a cert)
+
+	if ((cert) && (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) == 0)) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-311/semmle/tests/CleartextTransmission.expected

@@ -1,49 +1,228 @@
 edges
-| test3.cpp:68:21:68:29 | password1 | test3.cpp:70:15:70:17 | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:17:28:17:36 | password1 | test3.cpp:22:15:22:23 | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:75:15:75:22 | password | test3.cpp:77:15:77:17 | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:17:51:17:59 | password2 | test3.cpp:26:15:26:23 | password2 |
-| test3.cpp:106:20:106:25 | buffer | test3.cpp:108:14:108:19 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:45:8:45:15 | password | test3.cpp:47:15:47:22 | password |
-| test3.cpp:111:28:111:33 | buffer | test3.cpp:113:9:113:14 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:53:8:53:15 | password | test3.cpp:55:15:55:22 | password |
-| test3.cpp:120:9:120:23 | global_password | test3.cpp:138:16:138:29 | call to get_global_str |
+| test3.cpp:71:32:71:40 | password1 | test3.cpp:76:15:76:17 | ptr |
-| test3.cpp:128:11:128:18 | password | test3.cpp:106:20:106:25 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:80:8:80:15 | password | test3.cpp:83:15:83:17 | ptr |
-| test3.cpp:132:21:132:22 | call to id | test3.cpp:134:15:134:17 | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:98:8:98:15 | password | test3.cpp:101:12:101:19 | password |
-| test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:111:28:111:33 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:112:20:112:25 | buffer | test3.cpp:114:14:114:19 | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:132:21:132:22 | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:117:28:117:33 | buffer | test3.cpp:119:9:119:14 | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:138:16:138:29 | call to get_global_str | test3.cpp:140:15:140:18 | data |
+| test3.cpp:126:9:126:23 | global_password | test3.cpp:144:16:144:29 | call to get_global_str |
-| test3.cpp:151:19:151:26 | password | test3.cpp:153:15:153:20 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:129:39:129:47 | password1 | test3.cpp:138:24:138:32 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:132:8:132:15 | password | test3.cpp:134:11:134:18 | password |
+| test3.cpp:134:11:134:18 | password | test3.cpp:112:20:112:25 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:138:21:138:22 | call to id | test3.cpp:140:15:140:17 | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:138:24:138:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:117:28:117:33 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:138:24:138:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:138:21:138:22 | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:144:16:144:29 | call to get_global_str | test3.cpp:146:15:146:18 | data |
+| test3.cpp:152:29:152:36 | password | test3.cpp:159:15:159:20 | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:171:8:171:15 | password | test3.cpp:173:15:173:22 | password |
+| test3.cpp:171:8:171:15 | password | test3.cpp:175:3:175:17 | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:171:8:171:15 | password | test3.cpp:175:19:175:26 | password |
+| test3.cpp:179:8:179:15 | password | test3.cpp:181:15:181:22 | password |
+| test3.cpp:179:8:179:15 | password | test3.cpp:184:3:184:17 | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:179:8:179:15 | password | test3.cpp:184:19:184:26 | password |
+| test3.cpp:188:8:188:15 | password | test3.cpp:191:15:191:22 | password |
+| test3.cpp:188:8:188:15 | password | test3.cpp:193:18:193:28 | call to rtn_decrypt |
+| test3.cpp:188:8:188:15 | password | test3.cpp:193:30:193:37 | password |
+| test3.cpp:197:8:197:15 | password | test3.cpp:199:3:199:17 | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:197:8:197:15 | password | test3.cpp:199:19:199:26 | password |
+| test3.cpp:197:8:197:15 | password | test3.cpp:201:15:201:22 | password |
+| test3.cpp:205:8:205:15 | password | test3.cpp:207:3:207:17 | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:205:8:205:15 | password | test3.cpp:207:19:207:26 | password |
+| test3.cpp:205:8:205:15 | password | test3.cpp:210:15:210:22 | password |
+| test3.cpp:214:8:214:15 | password | test3.cpp:217:18:217:28 | call to rtn_encrypt |
+| test3.cpp:214:8:214:15 | password | test3.cpp:217:18:217:28 | call to rtn_encrypt |
+| test3.cpp:214:8:214:15 | password | test3.cpp:217:30:217:37 | password |
+| test3.cpp:214:8:214:15 | password | test3.cpp:219:15:219:26 | password_ptr |
+| test3.cpp:217:18:217:28 | call to rtn_encrypt | test3.cpp:219:15:219:26 | password_ptr |
+| test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | test3.cpp:227:22:227:29 | password |
+| test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | test3.cpp:228:26:228:33 | password |
+| test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | test3.cpp:241:8:241:15 | password |
+| test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | test3.cpp:242:8:242:15 | password |
+| test3.cpp:252:8:252:16 | password1 | test3.cpp:254:15:254:23 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:252:8:252:16 | password1 | test3.cpp:256:3:256:19 | call to decrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:252:8:252:16 | password1 | test3.cpp:256:21:256:29 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:252:24:252:32 | password2 | test3.cpp:256:3:256:19 | call to decrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:252:24:252:32 | password2 | test3.cpp:256:32:256:40 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:260:8:260:16 | password1 | test3.cpp:262:3:262:19 | call to encrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:260:8:260:16 | password1 | test3.cpp:262:21:262:29 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:260:24:260:32 | password2 | test3.cpp:262:3:262:19 | call to encrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:260:24:260:32 | password2 | test3.cpp:262:32:262:40 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:260:24:260:32 | password2 | test3.cpp:264:15:264:23 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:268:19:268:26 | password | test3.cpp:272:15:272:18 | data |
+| test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | test3.cpp:280:14:280:17 | data |
+| test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | test3.cpp:285:14:285:17 | data |
+| test3.cpp:288:20:288:23 | data | test3.cpp:290:14:290:17 | data |
+| test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | test3.cpp:295:14:295:17 | data |
+| test3.cpp:298:20:298:23 | data | test3.cpp:300:14:300:17 | data |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:312:3:312:17 | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:312:19:312:27 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:314:11:314:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | test3.cpp:317:11:317:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | data |
+| test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | test3.cpp:325:11:325:14 | data |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | ref arg password1 | test3.cpp:314:11:314:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:314:11:314:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | ref arg password1 | test3.cpp:317:11:317:19 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:317:11:317:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:288:20:288:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | data | test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | data | test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | ref arg data |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | ref arg data | test3.cpp:325:11:325:14 | data |
+| test3.cpp:325:11:325:14 | data | test3.cpp:298:20:298:23 | data |
+| test3.cpp:339:9:339:16 | password | test3.cpp:341:16:341:23 | password |
+| test3.cpp:350:9:350:16 | password | test3.cpp:352:16:352:23 | password |
+| test3.cpp:350:9:350:16 | password | test3.cpp:353:4:353:18 | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:350:9:350:16 | password | test3.cpp:353:20:353:27 | password |
+| test.cpp:41:23:41:43 | cleartext password! | test.cpp:48:21:48:27 | call to encrypt |
+| test.cpp:41:23:41:43 | cleartext password! | test.cpp:48:29:48:39 | thePassword |
+| test.cpp:66:23:66:43 | cleartext password! | test.cpp:76:21:76:27 | call to encrypt |
+| test.cpp:66:23:66:43 | cleartext password! | test.cpp:76:29:76:39 | thePassword |
 nodes
-| test3.cpp:20:15:20:23 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:17:28:17:36 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:24:15:24:23 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:17:51:17:59 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
-| test3.cpp:41:15:41:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:22:15:22:23 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:49:15:49:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:26:15:26:23 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
-| test3.cpp:68:21:68:29 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:45:8:45:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:70:15:70:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:47:15:47:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:75:15:75:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:53:8:53:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:77:15:77:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:55:15:55:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:95:12:95:19 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:71:32:71:40 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:106:20:106:25 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:76:15:76:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
-| test3.cpp:108:14:108:19 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:80:8:80:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:111:28:111:33 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:83:15:83:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
-| test3.cpp:113:9:113:14 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:98:8:98:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:120:9:120:23 | global_password | semmle.label | global_password |
+| test3.cpp:101:12:101:19 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:128:11:128:18 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:112:20:112:25 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:132:21:132:22 | call to id | semmle.label | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:114:14:114:19 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:117:28:117:33 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:134:15:134:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:119:9:119:14 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
-| test3.cpp:138:16:138:29 | call to get_global_str | semmle.label | call to get_global_str |
+| test3.cpp:126:9:126:23 | global_password | semmle.label | global_password |
-| test3.cpp:140:15:140:18 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:129:39:129:47 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:151:19:151:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:132:8:132:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
-| test3.cpp:153:15:153:20 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:134:11:134:18 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:138:21:138:22 | call to id | semmle.label | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:138:24:138:32 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:140:15:140:17 | ptr | semmle.label | ptr |
+| test3.cpp:144:16:144:29 | call to get_global_str | semmle.label | call to get_global_str |
+| test3.cpp:146:15:146:18 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:152:29:152:36 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:159:15:159:20 | buffer | semmle.label | buffer |
+| test3.cpp:171:8:171:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:173:15:173:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:175:3:175:17 | call to decrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:175:19:175:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:179:8:179:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:181:15:181:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:184:3:184:17 | call to decrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:184:19:184:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:188:8:188:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:191:15:191:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:193:18:193:28 | call to rtn_decrypt | semmle.label | call to rtn_decrypt |
+| test3.cpp:193:30:193:37 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:197:8:197:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:199:3:199:17 | call to encrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:199:19:199:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:201:15:201:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:205:8:205:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:207:3:207:17 | call to encrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:207:19:207:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:210:15:210:22 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:214:8:214:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:217:18:217:28 | call to rtn_encrypt | semmle.label | call to rtn_encrypt |
+| test3.cpp:217:18:217:28 | call to rtn_encrypt | semmle.label | call to rtn_encrypt |
+| test3.cpp:217:30:217:37 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:219:15:219:26 | password_ptr | semmle.label | password_ptr |
+| test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:227:22:227:29 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:228:26:228:33 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:241:8:241:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:242:8:242:15 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:252:8:252:16 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:252:24:252:32 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:254:15:254:23 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:256:3:256:19 | call to decrypt_to_buffer | semmle.label | call to decrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:256:21:256:29 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:256:32:256:40 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:260:8:260:16 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:260:24:260:32 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:262:3:262:19 | call to encrypt_to_buffer | semmle.label | call to encrypt_to_buffer |
+| test3.cpp:262:21:262:29 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:262:32:262:40 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:264:15:264:23 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:268:19:268:26 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:272:15:272:18 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:280:14:280:17 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:285:14:285:17 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:288:20:288:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:290:14:290:17 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:295:14:295:17 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:298:20:298:23 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:300:14:300:17 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:308:41:308:49 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | semmle.label | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:312:3:312:17 | call to encrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to encrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:312:19:312:27 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | ref arg password1 | semmle.label | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:314:11:314:19 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | ref arg password1 | semmle.label | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:317:11:317:19 | password1 | semmle.label | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | ref arg data | semmle.label | ref arg data |
+| test3.cpp:325:11:325:14 | data | semmle.label | data |
+| test3.cpp:339:9:339:16 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:341:16:341:23 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:350:9:350:16 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:352:16:352:23 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test3.cpp:353:4:353:18 | call to decrypt_inplace | semmle.label | call to decrypt_inplace |
+| test3.cpp:353:20:353:27 | password | semmle.label | password |
+| test.cpp:41:23:41:43 | cleartext password! | semmle.label | cleartext password! |
+| test.cpp:48:21:48:27 | call to encrypt | semmle.label | call to encrypt |
+| test.cpp:48:29:48:39 | thePassword | semmle.label | thePassword |
+| test.cpp:66:23:66:43 | cleartext password! | semmle.label | cleartext password! |
+| test.cpp:76:21:76:27 | call to encrypt | semmle.label | call to encrypt |
+| test.cpp:76:29:76:39 | thePassword | semmle.label | thePassword |
 subpaths
-| test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:111:28:111:33 | buffer | test3.cpp:113:9:113:14 | buffer | test3.cpp:132:21:132:22 | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:138:24:138:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:117:28:117:33 | buffer | test3.cpp:119:9:119:14 | buffer | test3.cpp:138:21:138:22 | call to id |
+| test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | test3.cpp:278:20:278:23 | data | test3.cpp:313:11:313:19 | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | password1 | test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | test3.cpp:283:20:283:23 | data | test3.cpp:316:11:316:19 | ref arg password1 |
+| test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | data | test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | test3.cpp:293:20:293:23 | data | test3.cpp:324:11:324:14 | ref arg data |
 #select
-| test3.cpp:20:3:20:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:20:15:20:23 | password1 | test3.cpp:20:15:20:23 | password1 | This operation transmits 'password1', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:20:15:20:23 | password1 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:22:3:22:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:17:28:17:36 | password1 | test3.cpp:22:15:22:23 | password1 | This operation transmits 'password1', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:17:28:17:36 | password1 | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:24:3:24:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:24:15:24:23 | password2 | test3.cpp:24:15:24:23 | password2 | This operation transmits 'password2', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:24:15:24:23 | password2 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:26:3:26:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:17:51:17:59 | password2 | test3.cpp:26:15:26:23 | password2 | This operation transmits 'password2', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:17:51:17:59 | password2 | password2 |
-| test3.cpp:41:3:41:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:41:15:41:22 | password | test3.cpp:41:15:41:22 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:41:15:41:22 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:47:3:47:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:45:8:45:15 | password | test3.cpp:47:15:47:22 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:45:8:45:15 | password | password |
-| test3.cpp:49:3:49:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:49:15:49:22 | password | test3.cpp:49:15:49:22 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:49:15:49:22 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:55:3:55:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:53:8:53:15 | password | test3.cpp:55:15:55:22 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:53:8:53:15 | password | password |
-| test3.cpp:70:3:70:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:68:21:68:29 | password1 | test3.cpp:70:15:70:17 | ptr | This operation transmits 'ptr', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:68:21:68:29 | password1 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:76:3:76:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:71:32:71:40 | password1 | test3.cpp:76:15:76:17 | ptr | This operation transmits 'ptr', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:71:32:71:40 | password1 | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:77:3:77:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:75:15:75:22 | password | test3.cpp:77:15:77:17 | ptr | This operation receives into 'ptr', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:75:15:75:22 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:83:3:83:6 | call to recv | test3.cpp:80:8:80:15 | password | test3.cpp:83:15:83:17 | ptr | This operation receives into 'ptr', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:80:8:80:15 | password | password |
-| test3.cpp:95:3:95:6 | call to read | test3.cpp:95:12:95:19 | password | test3.cpp:95:12:95:19 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:95:12:95:19 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:101:3:101:6 | call to read | test3.cpp:98:8:98:15 | password | test3.cpp:101:12:101:19 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:98:8:98:15 | password | password |
-| test3.cpp:108:2:108:5 | call to recv | test3.cpp:128:11:128:18 | password | test3.cpp:108:14:108:19 | buffer | This operation receives into 'buffer', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:128:11:128:18 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:114:2:114:5 | call to recv | test3.cpp:132:8:132:15 | password | test3.cpp:114:14:114:19 | buffer | This operation receives into 'buffer', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:132:8:132:15 | password | password |
-| test3.cpp:134:3:134:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | test3.cpp:134:15:134:17 | ptr | This operation transmits 'ptr', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:132:24:132:32 | password1 | password1 |
+| test3.cpp:140:3:140:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:129:39:129:47 | password1 | test3.cpp:140:15:140:17 | ptr | This operation transmits 'ptr', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:129:39:129:47 | password1 | password1 |
-| test3.cpp:140:3:140:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:120:9:120:23 | global_password | test3.cpp:140:15:140:18 | data | This operation transmits 'data', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:120:9:120:23 | global_password | global_password |
+| test3.cpp:146:3:146:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:126:9:126:23 | global_password | test3.cpp:146:15:146:18 | data | This operation transmits 'data', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:126:9:126:23 | global_password | global_password |
-| test3.cpp:153:3:153:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:151:19:151:26 | password | test3.cpp:153:15:153:20 | buffer | This operation transmits 'buffer', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:151:19:151:26 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:159:3:159:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:152:29:152:36 | password | test3.cpp:159:15:159:20 | buffer | This operation transmits 'buffer', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:152:29:152:36 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:227:2:227:5 | call to send | test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | test3.cpp:227:22:227:29 | password | This operation transmits 'password', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:228:2:228:5 | call to send | test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | test3.cpp:228:26:228:33 | password | This operation transmits 'password', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:225:34:225:41 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:241:2:241:6 | call to fgets | test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | test3.cpp:241:8:241:15 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:242:2:242:6 | call to fgets | test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | test3.cpp:242:8:242:15 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:239:7:239:14 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:272:3:272:6 | call to send | test3.cpp:268:19:268:26 | password | test3.cpp:272:15:272:18 | data | This operation transmits 'data', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:268:19:268:26 | password | password |
+| test3.cpp:295:2:295:5 | call to send | test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | test3.cpp:295:14:295:17 | data | This operation transmits 'data', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:300:2:300:5 | call to send | test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | test3.cpp:300:14:300:17 | data | This operation transmits 'data', which may contain unencrypted sensitive data from $@ | test3.cpp:308:58:308:66 | password2 | password2 |
+| test3.cpp:341:4:341:7 | call to recv | test3.cpp:339:9:339:16 | password | test3.cpp:341:16:341:23 | password | This operation receives into 'password', which may put unencrypted sensitive data into $@ | test3.cpp:339:9:339:16 | password | password |

cpp/ql/test/query-tests/Security/CWE/CWE-311/semmle/tests/test3.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 
 typedef unsigned long size_t;
 #define STDIN_FILENO (0)
+#define STDOUT_FILENO (1)
+int stdout_fileno = STDOUT_FILENO;
 
 size_t strlen(const char *s);
 
@@ -31,6 +33,10 @@ void test_send(const char *password1, const char *password2, const char *passwor
 	{
 		send(val(), message, strlen(message), val()); // GOOD: `message` is not a password
 	}
+
+	{
+		send(stdout_fileno, password2, strlen(password2), val()); // GOOD: `password2` is sent to stdout, not a network socket (this may be an issue but is not within the scope of the `cpp/cleartext-transmission` query)
+	}
 }
 
 void test_receive()
@@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ void test_interprocedural(const char *password1)
 	{
 		char password[256];
 
-		my_recv(password, 256); // BAD: `password` is received plaintext [detected on line 108]
+		my_recv(password, 256); // BAD: `password` is received plaintext [detected in `my_recv`]
 	}
 
 	{
@@ -153,3 +159,200 @@ void test_taint(const char *password)
 		send(val(), buffer, 16, val()); // BAD: `password` is (partially) sent plaintext
 	}
 }
+
+void encrypt_inplace(char *buffer);
+void decrypt_inplace(char *buffer);
+char *rtn_encrypt(const char *buffer);
+char *rtn_decrypt(const char *buffer);
+
+void test_decrypt()
+{
+	{
+		char password[256];
+
+		recv(val(), password, 256, val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+
+		decrypt_inplace(password); // proof that `password` was in fact encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password[256];
+
+		recv(val(), password, 256, val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+		password[255] = 0;
+
+		decrypt_inplace(password); // proof that `password` was in fact encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password[256];
+		char *password_ptr;
+
+		recv(val(), password, 256, val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+
+		password_ptr = rtn_decrypt(password); // proof that `password` was in fact encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password[256];
+
+		encrypt_inplace(password); // proof that `password` is in fact encrypted
+
+		send(val(), password, strlen(password), val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password[256];
+
+		encrypt_inplace(password); // proof that `password` is in fact encrypted
+		password[255] = 0;
+
+		send(val(), password, strlen(password), val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password[256];
+		char *password_ptr;
+
+		password_ptr = rtn_encrypt(password); // proof that `password` is in fact encrypted
+
+		send(val(), password_ptr, strlen(password_ptr), val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+	}
+}
+
+int get_socket(int from);
+
+void test_more_stdio(const char *password)
+{
+	send(get_socket(1), password, 128, val()); // GOOD: `getsocket(1)` is probably standard output [FALSE POSITIVE]
+	send(get_socket(val()), password, 128, val()); // BAD
+}
+
+typedef struct {} FILE;
+char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *stream);
+
+FILE *get_stdstream(int index);
+#define STDIN_STREAM (get_stdstream(0))
+
+void test_fgets(FILE *stream)
+{
+	char password[128];
+
+	fgets(password, 128, stream); // BAD
+	fgets(password, 128, STDIN_STREAM); // GOOD: `STDIN_STREAM` is probably standard input [FALSE POSITIVE]
+}
+
+void encrypt_to_buffer(const char *input, char* output);
+void decrypt_to_buffer(const char *input, char* output);
+char *strcpy(char *s1, const char *s2);
+
+void test_crypt_more()
+{
+	{
+		char password1[256], password2[256];
+
+		recv(val(), password1, 256, val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+
+		decrypt_to_buffer(password1, password2); // proof that `password1` was in fact encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char password1[256], password2[256];
+
+		encrypt_to_buffer(password1, password2); // proof that `password2` is in fact encrypted
+
+		send(val(), password2, strlen(password2), val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+	}
+
+	{
+		char data[256], password[256];
+
+		strcpy(data, password); // not proof of anything
+
+		send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // BAD: password is sent plaintext
+	}
+}
+
+bool cond();
+
+void target1(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // GOOD: encrypted
+}
+
+void target2(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // BAD: from one source this is a plaintext password [NOT DETECTED]
+}
+
+void target3(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // BAD: data is a plaintext password [NOT DETECTED]
+}
+
+void target4(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // BAD: data is a plaintext password
+}
+
+void target5(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // BAD: from one source this is a plaintext password
+}
+
+void target6(char *data)
+{
+	send(val(), data, strlen(data), val()); // GOOD: not a password
+}
+
+void test_multiple_sources_source(char *password1, char *password2)
+{
+	if (cond())
+	{
+		encrypt_inplace(password1);
+		target1(password1);
+		target2(password1);
+	} else {
+		target2(password1);
+		target3(password1);
+	}
+
+	if (cond())
+	{
+		char *data = password2;
+
+		target4(data);
+		target5(data);
+	} else {
+		char *data = "harmless";
+
+		target5(data);
+		target6(data);
+	}
+}
+
+void test_loops()
+{
+	{
+		while (cond())
+		{
+			char password[256];
+
+			recv(val(), password, 256, val()); // BAD: not encrypted
+			
+			// ...
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		while (cond())
+		{
+			char password[256];
+
+			recv(val(), password, 256, val()); // GOOD: password is encrypted
+			decrypt_inplace(password); // proof that `password` was in fact encrypted
+			
+			// ...
+		}
+	}
+}

cpp/upgrades/qlpack.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: codeql/cpp-upgrades
 groups: cpp
 upgrades: .
-version: 0.0.4
+version: 0.0.5-dev
 library: true

csharp/autobuilder/Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp.Tests/Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp.Tests.csproj

@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-
+	<PropertyGroup>
-  <PropertyGroup>
+		<TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
-    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
+		<GenerateAssemblyInfo>false</GenerateAssemblyInfo>
-    <GenerateAssemblyInfo>false</GenerateAssemblyInfo>
+		<RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;linux-x64;osx-x64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
-    <RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;linux-x64;osx-x64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
-    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
-  </PropertyGroup>
+	<ItemGroup>
-
+		<PackageReference Include="System.IO.FileSystem" Version="4.3.0"/>
-  <ItemGroup>
+		<PackageReference Include="System.IO.FileSystem.Primitives" Version="4.3.0"/>
-    <PackageReference Include="System.IO.FileSystem" Version="4.3.0" />
+		<PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.4.1"/>
-    <PackageReference Include="System.IO.FileSystem.Primitives" Version="4.3.0" />
+		<PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.4.3">
-    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.4.1" />
+			<PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
-    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.4.3">
+			<IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers</IncludeAssets>
-      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
+		</PackageReference>
-      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers</IncludeAssets>
+		<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.0.0"/>
-    </PackageReference>
+	</ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="16.9.1" />
+	<ItemGroup>
-  </ItemGroup>
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp\Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp.csproj"/>
-
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared.csproj"/>
-  <ItemGroup>
+	</ItemGroup>
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp\Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp.csproj" />
+</Project>
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared.csproj" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-</Project>

csharp/autobuilder/Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp/Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp.csproj

@@ -1,30 +1,25 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-
+	<PropertyGroup>
-  <PropertyGroup>
+		<TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
-    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
+		<AssemblyName>Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp</AssemblyName>
-    <AssemblyName>Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp</AssemblyName>
+		<RootNamespace>Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp</RootNamespace>
-    <RootNamespace>Semmle.Autobuild.CSharp</RootNamespace>
+		<ApplicationIcon/>
-    <ApplicationIcon />
+		<OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
-    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+		<StartupObject/>
-    <StartupObject />
+		<GenerateAssemblyInfo>false</GenerateAssemblyInfo>
-    <GenerateAssemblyInfo>false</GenerateAssemblyInfo>
+		<RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;linux-x64;osx-x64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
-    <RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;linux-x64;osx-x64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
-    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
-  </PropertyGroup>
+	<ItemGroup>
-
+		<Folder Include="Properties\"/>
-  <ItemGroup>
+	</ItemGroup>
-    <Folder Include="Properties\" />
+	<ItemGroup>
-  </ItemGroup>
+		<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build" Version="16.11.0"/>
-
+		<PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="13.0.1"/>
-  <ItemGroup>
+	</ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build" Version="16.9.0" />
+	<ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="13.0.1" />
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\..\extractor\Semmle.Util\Semmle.Util.csproj"/>
-  </ItemGroup>
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\..\extractor\Semmle.Extraction.CSharp\Semmle.Extraction.CSharp.csproj"/>
-
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared.csproj"/>
-  <ItemGroup>
+	</ItemGroup>
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\extractor\Semmle.Util\Semmle.Util.csproj" />
+</Project>
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\extractor\Semmle.Extraction.CSharp\Semmle.Extraction.CSharp.csproj" />
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared\Semmle.Autobuild.Shared.csproj" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
-</Project>