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codeql/python/ql/src/Variables/SuspiciousUnusedLoopIterationVariable.ql
2026-03-23 15:07:31 +01:00

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/**
* @name Suspicious unused loop iteration variable
* @description A loop iteration variable is unused, which suggests an error.
* @kind problem
* @tags quality
* reliability
* correctness
* @problem.severity error
* @sub-severity low
* @precision high
* @id py/unused-loop-variable
*/
import python
private import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
import Definition
predicate is_increment(Stmt s) {
/* x += n */
s.(AugAssign).getValue() instanceof IntegerLiteral
or
/* x = x + n */
exists(Name t, BinaryExpr add |
t = s.(AssignStmt).getTarget(0) and
add = s.(AssignStmt).getValue() and
add.getLeft().(Name).getVariable() = t.getVariable() and
add.getRight() instanceof IntegerLiteral
)
}
predicate counting_loop(For f) { is_increment(f.getAStmt()) }
predicate empty_loop(For f) { not exists(f.getStmt(1)) and f.getStmt(0) instanceof Pass }
predicate one_item_only(For f) {
not exists(Continue c | f.contains(c)) and
exists(Stmt s | s = f.getBody().getLastItem() |
s instanceof Return
or
s instanceof Break
)
}
/** Holds if `node` is a call to `range`, `xrange`, or `list(range(...))`. */
predicate call_to_range(DataFlow::Node node) {
node = API::builtin(["range", "xrange"]).getACall()
or
/* Handle 'from six.moves import range' or similar. */
node = API::moduleImport("six").getMember("moves").getMember(["range", "xrange"]).getACall()
or
/* Handle list(range(...)) and list(list(range(...))) */
node = API::builtin("list").getACall() and
call_to_range(node.(DataFlow::CallCfgNode).getArg(0))
}
/** Whether n is a use of a variable that is not effectively a constant. */
predicate use_of_non_constant(Name n) {
exists(Variable var |
n.uses(var) and
/* use is local */
not n.getScope() instanceof Module and
/* variable is not global */
not var.getScope() instanceof Module
|
/* Defined more than once (dynamically) */
strictcount(Name def | def.defines(var)) > 1
or
exists(For f, Name def | f.contains(def) and def.defines(var))
or
exists(While w, Name def | w.contains(def) and def.defines(var))
)
}
/**
* Whether loop body is implicitly repeating something N times.
* E.g. queue.add(None)
*/
predicate implicit_repeat(For f) {
not exists(f.getStmt(1)) and
exists(ImmutableLiteral imm | f.getStmt(0).contains(imm)) and
not exists(Name n | f.getBody().contains(n) and use_of_non_constant(n))
}
/**
* Get the CFG node for the iterable relating to the for-statement `f` in a comprehension.
* The for-statement `f` is the artificial for-statement in a comprehension
* and the result is the iterable in that comprehension.
* E.g. gets `x` from `{ y for y in x }`.
*/
ControlFlowNode get_comp_iterable(For f) {
exists(Comp c | c.getFunction().getStmt(0) = f | c.getAFlowNode().getAPredecessor() = result)
}
from For f, Variable v, string msg
where
f.getTarget() = v.getAnAccess() and
not f.getAStmt().contains(v.getAnAccess()) and
not call_to_range(DataFlow::exprNode(f.getIter())) and
not call_to_range(DataFlow::exprNode(get_comp_iterable(f).getNode())) and
not name_acceptable_for_unused_variable(v) and
not f.getScope().getName() = "genexpr" and
not empty_loop(f) and
not one_item_only(f) and
not counting_loop(f) and
not implicit_repeat(f) and
if exists(Name del | del.deletes(v) and f.getAStmt().contains(del))
then msg = "' is deleted, but not used, in the loop body."
else msg = "' is not used in the loop body."
select f, "For loop variable '" + v.getId() + msg