def taint x x end def sink x puts x end def positional(p1, p2) sink p1 # $ hasValueFlow=1 sink p2 # $ hasValueFlow=2 end positional(taint(1), taint(2)) def keyword(p1:, p2:) sink p1 # $ hasValueFlow=3 $ hasValueFlow=6 $ hasValueFlow=8 $ hasValueFlow=16 sink p2 # $ hasValueFlow=4 $ hasValueFlow=5 $ hasValueFlow=7 $ hasValueFlow=17 end keyword(p1: taint(3), p2: taint(4)) keyword(p2: taint(5), p1: taint(6)) keyword(:p2 => taint(7), :p1 => taint(8)) def kwargs(p1:, **kwargs) sink p1 # $ hasValueFlow=9 $ hasValueFlow=13 $ hasValueFlow=14 sink (kwargs[:p1]) sink (kwargs[:p2]) # $ hasValueFlow=10 $ hasValueFlow=15 sink (kwargs[:p3]) # $ hasValueFlow=11 $ hasValueFlow=12 sink (kwargs[:p4]) end kwargs(p1: taint(9), p2: taint(10), p3: taint(11), p4: "") args = { p3: taint(12), p4: "" } kwargs(p1: taint(13), **args) args = {:p1 => taint(14), :p2 => taint(15) } kwargs(**args) args = {:p1 => taint(16) } keyword(p2: taint(17), **args)