# SQL database query built from user-controlled sources (experimental)
If a database query (such as a SQL or NoSQL query) is built from user-provided data without sufficient sanitization, a malicious user may be able to run malicious database queries.

Note: This CodeQL query is an experimental query. Experimental queries generate alerts using machine learning. They might include more false positives but they will improve over time.


## Recommendation
Most database connector libraries offer a way of safely embedding untrusted data into a query by means of query parameters or prepared statements.

For NoSQL queries, make use of an operator like MongoDB's `$eq` to ensure that untrusted data is interpreted as a literal value and not as a query object.


## Example
In the following example, assume the function `handler` is an HTTP request handler in a web application, whose parameter `req` contains the request object.

The handler constructs two copies of the same SQL query involving user input taken from the request object, once unsafely using string concatenation, and once safely using query parameters.

In the first case, the query string `query1` is built by directly concatenating a user-supplied request parameter with some string literals. The parameter may include quote characters, so this code is vulnerable to a SQL injection attack.

In the second case, the parameter is embedded into the query string `query2` using query parameters. In this example, we use the API offered by the `pg` Postgres database connector library, but other libraries offer similar features. This version is immune to injection attacks.


```javascript
const app = require("express")(),
      pg = require("pg"),
      pool = new pg.Pool(config);

app.get("search", function handler(req, res) {
  // BAD: the category might have SQL special characters in it
  var query1 =
    "SELECT ITEM,PRICE FROM PRODUCT WHERE ITEM_CATEGORY='" +
    req.params.category +
    "' ORDER BY PRICE";
  pool.query(query1, [], function(err, results) {
    // process results
  });

  // GOOD: use parameters
  var query2 =
    "SELECT ITEM,PRICE FROM PRODUCT WHERE ITEM_CATEGORY=$1" + " ORDER BY PRICE";
  pool.query(query2, [req.params.category], function(err, results) {
    // process results
  });
});

```

## References
* Wikipedia: [SQL injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection).
* MongoDB: [$eq operator](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/eq).