# Improvements to C/C++ analysis

The following changes in version 1.24 affect C/C++ analysis in all applications.

## General improvements

You can now suppress alerts using either single-line block comments (`/* ... */`) or line comments (`// ...`).

## New queries

| **Query**                   | **Tags**  | **Purpose**                                                        |
|-----------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Implicit function declarations (`cpp/Likely Bugs/Underspecified Functions/ImplicitFunctionDeclaration.ql`) | correctness, maintainability | This query finds calls to undeclared functions that are compiled by a C compiler. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |

## Changes to existing queries

A new taint-tracking library is used by all the security queries that track tainted values
(`cpp/path-injection`, `cpp/cgi-xss`, `cpp/sql-injection`, `cpp/uncontrolled-process-operation`,
`cpp/unbounded-write`, `cpp/tainted-format-string`, `cpp/tainted-format-string-through-global`,
`cpp/uncontrolled-arithmetic`, `cpp/uncontrolled-allocation-size`, `cpp/user-controlled-bypass`,
`cpp/cleartext-storage-buffer`, `cpp/tainted-permissions-check`).
These queries now have more precise results and also offer _path explanations_ so you can explore the results easily.
There is a performance cost to this, and the LGTM query suite will overall run slower than before.

| **Query**                  | **Expected impact**    | **Change**                                                       |
|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Boost\_asio TLS Settings Misconfiguration (`cpp/boost/tls-settings-misconfiguration`) | Query id change | The identifier was updated to use dashes in place of underscores (previous identifier `cpp/boost/tls_settings_misconfiguration`). |
| Buffer not sufficient for string (`cpp/overflow-calculated`) | More true positive results | This query now identifies a wider variety of buffer allocations using the `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Allocation` library. |
| Hard-coded Japanese era start date (`cpp/japanese-era/exact-era-date`) |  | This query is no longer run on LGTM. |
| Memory is never freed (`cpp/memory-never-freed`) | More true positive results | This query now identifies a wider variety of buffer allocations using the `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Allocation` library. |
| Memory may not be freed (`cpp/memory-may-not-be-freed`) | More true positive results | This query now identifies a wider variety of buffer allocations using the `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Allocation` library. |
| Mismatching new/free or malloc/delete (`cpp/new-free-mismatch`) | Fewer false positive results | Improved handling of template code gives greater precision. |
| Missing return statement (`cpp/missing-return`) | Fewer false positive results and more accurate locations | Functions containing `asm` statements are no longer highlighted by this query. The locations reported by this query are now more accurate in some cases. |
| No space for zero terminator (`cpp/no-space-for-terminator`) | More results with greater precision | The query gives more precise results for a wider variety of buffer allocations. String arguments to formatting functions are now (usually) expected to be null terminated strings. Use of the `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Allocation` library identifies problems with a wider variety of buffer allocations. This query is also more conservative when identifying which pointers point to null-terminated strings. |
| Overflow in uncontrolled allocation size (`cpp/uncontrolled-allocation-size`) | Fewer false positive results | The query now produces fewer, more accurate results. Cases where the tainted allocation size is range checked are more reliably excluded. |
| Overloaded assignment does not return 'this' (`cpp/assignment-does-not-return-this`) | Fewer false positive results | This query no longer reports incorrect results in template classes. |
| Pointer overflow check (`cpp/pointer-overflow-check`),<br> Possibly wrong buffer size in string copy (`cpp/bad-strncpy-size`),<br> Signed overflow check (`cpp/signed-overflow-check`) | More correct results | A new library is used for determining which expressions have identical value, giving more precise results. There is a performance cost to this, and the LGTM suite will overall run slower than before. |
| Unsafe array for days of the year (`cpp/leap-year/unsafe-array-for-days-of-the-year`) |  | This query is no longer run on LGTM. |
| Unsigned comparison to zero (`cpp/unsigned-comparison-zero`) | More correct results | This query now also looks for comparisons of the form `0 <= x`. |

## Changes to libraries

* The built-in C++20 "spaceship operator" (`<=>`) is now supported via the QL
  class `SpaceshipExpr`. Overloaded forms are modeled as calls to functions
  named `operator<=>`.
* The data-flow library (`semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.DataFlow` and
  `semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.TaintTracking`) has been improved, which affects
  and improves some security queries. The improvements are:
    - Track flow through functions that combine taint tracking with flow through fields.
    - Track flow through clone-like functions, that is, functions that read contents of a field from a
      parameter and stores the value in the field of a returned object.
* The security pack taint tracking library
  (`semmle.code.cpp.security.TaintTracking`) uses a new intermediate
  representation. This provides a more precise analysis of flow through
  parameters and pointers. For new queries, however, we continue to recommend
  using `semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.TaintTracking`.
* The global value numbering library
  (`semmle.code.cpp.valuenumbering.GlobalValueNumbering`) uses a new
  intermediate representation to provide a more precise analysis of
  heap-allocated memory and pointers to stack variables.
* New libraries have been created to provide a more consistent and useful interface
  for modeling allocation and deallocation. These replace the old
  `semmle.code.cpp.commons.Alloc` library.
    * The new `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Allocation` library models
      allocations, such as `new` expressions and calls to `malloc`.
    * The new `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.Deallocation` library
      models deallocations, such as `delete` expressions and calls to `free`.
    * The predicate `freeCall` in `semmle.code.cpp.commons.Alloc` has been
      deprecated. The `Allocation` and `Deallocation` models in
      `semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces` should be used instead.
* The new class `StackVariable` should be used in place of `LocalScopeVariable`
  in most cases. The difference is that `StackVariable` does not include
  variables declared with `static` or `thread_local`.
    * As a rule of thumb, custom queries about the _values_ of variables should
      be changed from `LocalScopeVariable` to `StackVariable`, while queries
      about the _name or scope_ of variables should remain unchanged.
    * The `LocalScopeVariableReachability` library is deprecated in favor of
      `StackVariableReachability`. The functionality is the same.
* Taint tracking and data flow now features better modeling of commonly-used
  library functions:
    * `gets` and similar functions,
    * the most common operations on `std::string`,
    * `strdup` and similar functions, and
    * formatting functions such as `sprintf`.