Python: Handle loop constructs outside of loops

Observed on some test files in Nuitka/Nuitka, having `break` and
`continue` outside of loops in Python is (to Python) a syntax error, but
our parser happily accepted this broken syntax.

This then caused issues further downstream in the control-flow
construction, as it broke some invariants.

To fix this we now skip the code that would previously fail when the
invariants are broken.

Co-authored-by: yoff <yoff@github.com>

python/extractor/semmle/python/passes/flow.py

@@ -909,14 +909,22 @@ class FlowPass(Pass):
     def _walk_break(self, node, predecessors):
         #A break statement counts as an exit to the enclosing loop statement
         predecessors = self.add_successor(predecessors, node)
-        self.scope.breaking_stack.add(predecessors)
+        # In well formed code, there should always be an element in the breaking stack, but because
+        # our parser accepts code where `break` appears outside of a loop, we must check for this
+        # case.
+        if self.scope.breaking_stack:
+            self.scope.breaking_stack.add(predecessors)
         #Provide no predecessors to following statement
         return EMPTY
 
     def _walk_continue(self, node, predecessors):
         #A continue statement counts as an exit to the following orelse
         predecessors = self.add_successor(predecessors, node)
-        self.scope.continuing_stack.add(predecessors)
+        # In well formed code, there should always be an element in the continuing stack, but
+        # because our parser accepts code where `continue` appears outside of a loop, we must check
+        # for this case.
+        if self.scope.continuing_stack:
+            self.scope.continuing_stack.add(predecessors)
         #Provide no predecessors to following statement
         return EMPTY
 

python/ql/lib/change-notes/2025-02-06-robustly-handle-loop-constructs.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+category: fix
+---
+
+- Using the `break` and `continue` keywords outside of a loop, which is a syntax error but is accepted by our parser, would cause the control-flow construction to fail. This is now no longer the case.

python/ql/test/extractor-tests/syntax_error/without_loop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# The following constructs are syntax errors in Python, as they are not inside a loop.
+# However, our parser does not consider this code to be syntactically incorrect.
+# Thus, this test is really observing that allowing these constructs does not break any other parts
+# of the extractor.
+
+if True:
+    break
+
+if True:
+    continue