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<section id="using-api-graphs-in-ruby">
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<span id="id1"></span><h1>Using API graphs in Ruby<a class="headerlink" href="#using-api-graphs-in-ruby" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>API graphs are a uniform interface for referring to functions, classes, and methods defined in
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external libraries.</p>
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<section id="about-this-article">
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<h2>About this article<a class="headerlink" href="#about-this-article" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>This article describes how you can use API graphs to reference classes and functions defined in library
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code. API graphs are particularly useful when you want to model the remote flow sources available from external library functions.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="module-and-class-references">
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<h2>Module and class references<a class="headerlink" href="#module-and-class-references" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The most common entry point into the API graph is when a top-level module or class is accessed.
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For example, you can access the API graph node corresponding to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">::Regexp</span></code> class
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by using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">API::getTopLevelMember</span></code> method defined in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs</span></code> module, as the
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following snippet demonstrates.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("Regexp")
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The example above finds references to a top-level class. For nested
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modules and classes, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getMember</span></code> method. For example the following query selects
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references to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Net::HTTP</span></code> class.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("Net").getMember("HTTP")
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Note that you should specify module names without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">::</span></code> symbols. If you write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">API::getTopLevelMember("Net::HTTP")</span></code>, it will not do what you expect. Instead, you need to decompose this name
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into an access of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTP</span></code> member of the API graph node for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Net</span></code>, as shown in the example above.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="calls-and-class-instantiations">
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<h2>Calls and class instantiations<a class="headerlink" href="#calls-and-class-instantiations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>To track the calls of externally defined functions, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getMethod</span></code> method. The
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following snippet finds all calls of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Regexp.compile</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("Regexp").getMethod("compile")
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The example above is for a call to a class method. Tracking calls to instance methods, is a two-step
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process, first you need to find instances of the class before you can find the calls
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to methods on those instances. The following snippet finds instantiations of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Regexp</span></code> class:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("Regexp").getInstance()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Note that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getInstance</span></code> method also includes subclasses. For example if there is a
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span> <span class="pre">SpecialRegexp</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">Regexp</span></code> then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getInstance</span></code> also finds <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SpecialRegexp.new</span></code>.</p>
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<p>The following snippet builds on the above to find calls of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Regexp#match?</span></code> instance method:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("Regexp").getInstance().getMethod("match?")
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="subclasses">
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<h2>Subclasses<a class="headerlink" href="#subclasses" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Many libraries are used by extending one or more library classes. To track this
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in the API graph, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass</span></code> method to get the API graph node corresponding to
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the immediate subclasses of a node. To find <em>all</em> subclasses, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code> to apply the
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method repeatedly. You can see an example where all subclasses are identified using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass*</span></code> below.</p>
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<p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass</span></code> can only return subclasses that are extracted as part of the CodeQL database
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that you are analyzing. When libraries have predefined subclasses, you will need to explicitly include them in your model.
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For example, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ActionController::Base</span></code> class has a predefined subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Rails::ApplicationController</span></code>. To find
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all subclasses of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ActionController::Base</span></code>, you must explicitly include the subclasses of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Rails::ApplicationController</span></code> as well.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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API::Node actionController() {
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result =
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[
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API::getTopLevelMember("ActionController").getMember("Base"),
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API::getTopLevelMember("Rails").getMember("ApplicationController")
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].getASubclass*()
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}
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select actionController()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="using-the-api-graph-in-dataflow-queries">
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<h2>Using the API graph in dataflow queries<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-api-graph-in-dataflow-queries" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Dataflow queries often search for points where data from external sources enters the code base
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as well as places where data leaves the code base. API graphs provide a convenient way to refer
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to external API components such as library functions and their inputs and outputs.
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However, you do not use API graph nodes directly in dataflow queries.</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>API graph nodes model entities that are defined outside your code base.</p></li>
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<li><p>Dataflow nodes model entities defined within the current code base.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>You bridge the gap between the entities outside and inside your code base using
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the API node class methods: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asSource()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asSink()</span></code>.</p>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asSource()</span></code> method is used to select dataflow nodes where a value from an external source
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enters the current code base. A typical example is the return value of a library function such as
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File.read(path)</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("File").getMethod("read").getReturn().asSource()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asSink()</span></code> method is used to select dataflow nodes where a value leaves the
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current code base and flows into an external library. For example the second parameter
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of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File.write(path,</span> <span class="pre">value)</span></code> method.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("File").getMethod("write").getParameter(1).asSink()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>A more complex example is a call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File.open</span></code> with a block argument. This function creates a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File</span></code> instance
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and passes it to the supplied block. In this case, we are interested in the first parameter of the block because this is where an
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externally created value enters the code base, that is, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|file|</span></code> in the Ruby example below:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ruby notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="no">File</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"/my/file.txt"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"w"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Hello world"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The following snippet of CodeQL finds parameters of blocks of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File.open</span></code> method calls:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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select API::getTopLevelMember("File").getMethod("open").getBlock().getParameter(0).asSource()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The following example is a dataflow query that that uses API graphs to find cases where data that
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is read flows into a call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File.write</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import codeql.ruby.DataFlow
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import codeql.ruby.ApiGraphs
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module Configuration implements DataFlow::ConfigSig {
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predicate isSource(DataFlow::Node source) {
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source = API::getTopLevelMember("File").getMethod("read").getReturn().asSource()
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}
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predicate isSink(DataFlow::Node sink) {
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sink = API::getTopLevelMember("File").getMethod("write").getParameter(1).asSink()
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}
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}
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module Flow = DataFlow::Global<Configuration>;
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from DataFlow::Node src, DataFlow::Node sink
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where Flow::flow(src, sink)
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select src, "The data read here flows into a $@ call.", sink, "File.write"
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="further-reading">
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<h2>Further reading<a class="headerlink" href="#further-reading" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/ruby/ql/src">CodeQL queries for Ruby</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/ruby/ql/examples">Example queries for Ruby</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://codeql.github.com/codeql-standard-libraries/ruby/">CodeQL library reference for Ruby</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="simple">
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