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<section id="using-api-graphs-in-python">
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<span id="id1"></span><h1>Using API graphs in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#using-api-graphs-in-python" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>API graphs are a uniform interface for referring to functions, classes, and methods defined in
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external libraries.</p>
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<section id="about-this-article">
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<h2>About this article<a class="headerlink" href="#about-this-article" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>This article describes how to use API graphs to reference classes and functions defined in library
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code. You can use API graphs to conveniently refer to external library functions when defining things like
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remote flow sources.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="module-imports">
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<h2>Module imports<a class="headerlink" href="#module-imports" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The most common entry point into the API graph will be the point where an external module or package is
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imported. For example, you can access the API graph node corresponding to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> library
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by using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">API::moduleImport</span></code> method defined in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">semmle.python.ApiGraphs</span></code> module, as the
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following snippet demonstrates.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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select API::moduleImport("re")
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/1876172022264324639/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>This query selects the API graph node corresponding to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> module. This node represents the fact that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> module has been imported rather than a specific location in the program where the import happens. Therefore, there will be at most one result per project, and it will not have a useful location, so you’ll have to click <cite>Show 1 non-source result</cite> in order to see it.</p>
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<p>To find where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> module is referenced in the program, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAUse</span></code> method. The following query selects all references to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> module in the current database.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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select API::moduleImport("re").getAUse()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/8072356519514905526/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>Note that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAUse</span></code> method accounts for local flow, so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_re_compile</span></code>
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in the following snippet is
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correctly recognized as a reference to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code> function.</p>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">re</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nb">compile</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">re_compile</span>
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<span class="n">my_re_compile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re_compile</span>
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<span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_re_compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">".*"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>If you only require immediate uses, without taking local flow into account, then you can use
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the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAnImmediateUse</span></code> method instead.</p>
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<p>Note that the given module name <em>must not</em> contain any dots. Thus, something like
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">API::moduleImport("flask.views")</span></code> will not do what you expect. Instead, this should be decomposed
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into an access of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">views</span></code> member of the API graph node for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask</span></code>, as described in the next
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section.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="accessing-attributes">
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<h2>Accessing attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-attributes" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Given a node in the API graph, you can access its attributes by using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getMember</span></code> method. Using
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the above <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code> example, you can now find references to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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select API::moduleImport("re").getMember("compile").getAUse()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/7970570434725297676/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>In addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getMember</span></code>, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getUnknownMember</span></code> method to find references to API
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components where the name is not known statically. You can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAMember</span></code> method to
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access all members, both known and unknown.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="calls-and-class-instantiations">
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<h2>Calls and class instantiations<a class="headerlink" href="#calls-and-class-instantiations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>To track instances of classes defined in external libraries, or the results of calling externally
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defined functions, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getReturn</span></code> method. The following snippet finds all places
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where the return value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code> is used:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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select API::moduleImport("re").getMember("compile").getReturn().getAUse()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/4346050399960356921/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>Note that this includes all uses of the result of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code>, including those reachable via
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local flow. To get just the <em>calls</em> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile</span></code>, you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAnImmediateUse</span></code> instead of
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAUse</span></code>. As this is a common occurrence, you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getACall</span></code> instead of
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getReturn</span></code> followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getAnImmediateUse</span></code>.</p>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/8143347716552092926/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>Note that the API graph does not distinguish between class instantiations and function calls. As far
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as it’s concerned, both are simply places where an API graph node is called.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="subclasses">
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<h2>Subclasses<a class="headerlink" href="#subclasses" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>For many libraries, the main mode of usage is to extend one or more library classes. To track this
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in the API graph, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass</span></code> method to get the API graph node corresponding to
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all the immediate subclasses of this node. To find <em>all</em> subclasses, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code> to apply the
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method repeatedly, as in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass*</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getASubclass</span></code> does not account for any subclassing that takes place in library code
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that has not been extracted. Thus, it may be necessary to account for this in the models you write.
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For example, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask.views.View</span></code> class has a predefined subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MethodView</span></code>. To find
|
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all subclasses of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">View</span></code>, you must explicitly include the subclasses of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MethodView</span></code> as well.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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API::Node viewClass() {
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result =
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API::moduleImport("flask").getMember("views").getMember(["View", "MethodView"]).getASubclass*()
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}
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select viewClass().getAUse()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/288293322319747121/">See this in the query console on LGTM.com</a>.</p>
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<p>Note the use of the set literal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">["View",</span> <span class="pre">"MethodView"]</span></code> to match both classes simultaneously.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="built-in-functions-and-classes">
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<h2>Built-in functions and classes<a class="headerlink" href="#built-in-functions-and-classes" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>You can access built-in functions and classes using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">API::builtin</span></code> method, giving the name of
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the built-in as an argument.</p>
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<p>For example, to find all calls to the built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open</span></code> function, you can use the following snippet.</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import python
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import semmle.python.ApiGraphs
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select API::builtin("open").getACall()
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
|
||
<section id="further-reading">
|
||
<h2>Further reading<a class="headerlink" href="#further-reading" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/python/ql/src">CodeQL queries for Python</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/python/ql/examples">Example queries for Python</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://codeql.github.com/codeql-standard-libraries/python/">CodeQL library reference for Python</a></p></li>
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||
</ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
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<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../ql-language-reference/index.html#ql-language-reference"><span class="std std-ref">QL language reference</span></a>”</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../codeql-overview/codeql-tools.html#codeql-tools"><span class="std std-ref">CodeQL tools</span></a>”</p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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</article>
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