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<article class="p-4 col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-12">
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<section id="basic-query-for-go-code">
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<span id="id1"></span><h1>Basic query for Go code<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-query-for-go-code" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Learn to write and run a simple CodeQL query using LGTM.</p>
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<section id="about-the-query">
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<h2>About the query<a class="headerlink" href="#about-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The query we’re going to run searches the code for methods defined on value types that modify their receiver by writing a field:</p>
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<div class="highlight-go notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">MyStruct</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">valueMethod</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// method on value</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>This is problematic because the receiver argument is passed by value, not by reference. Consequently, valueMethod is called with a copy of the receiver object, so any changes it makes to the receiver will be invisible to the caller. To prevent this, the method should be defined on a pointer instead:</p>
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<div class="highlight-go notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">MyStruct</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">pointerMethod</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// method on pointer</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>For further information on using methods on values or pointers in Go, see the <a class="reference external" href="https://golang.org/doc/faq#methods_on_values_or_pointers">Go FAQ</a>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="running-the-query">
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<h2>Running the query<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ol class="arabic">
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<li><p>In the main search box on LGTM.com, search for the project you want to query. For tips, see <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/help/lgtm/searching">Searching</a>.</p></li>
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<li><p>Click the project in the search results.</p></li>
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<li><p>Click <strong>Query this project</strong>.</p>
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<p>This opens the query console. (For information about using this, see <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/help/lgtm/using-query-console">Using the query console</a>.)</p>
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>Alternatively, you can go straight to the query console by clicking <strong>Query console</strong> (at the top of any page), selecting <strong>Go</strong> from the <strong>Language</strong> drop-down list, then choosing one or more projects to query from those displayed in the <strong>Project</strong> drop-down list.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</li>
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<li><p>Copy the following query into the text box in the query console:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import go
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from Method m, Variable recv, Write w, Field f
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where
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recv = m.getReceiver() and
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w.writesField(recv.getARead(), f, _) and
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not recv.getType() instanceof PointerType
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select w, "This update to " + f + " has no effect, because " + recv + " is not a pointer."
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>LGTM checks whether your query compiles and, if all is well, the <strong>Run</strong> button changes to green to indicate that you can go ahead and run the query.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p>Click <strong>Run</strong>.</p>
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<p>The name of the project you are querying, and the ID of the most recently analyzed commit to the project, are listed below the query box. To the right of this is an icon that indicates the progress of the query operation:</p>
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<img alt="../_images/query-progress.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/query-progress.png" />
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>Your query is always run against the most recently analyzed commit to the selected project.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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<p>The query will take a few moments to return results. When the query completes, the results are displayed below the project name. The query results are listed in two columns, corresponding to the two expressions in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> clause of the query. The first column corresponds to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code>, which is the location in the source code where the receiver <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> is modified. The second column is the alert message.</p>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/6221190009056970603/">Example query results</a></p>
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>An ellipsis (…) at the bottom of the table indicates that the entire list is not displayed—click it to show more results.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</li>
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<li><p>If any matching code is found, click a link in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code> column to view it in the code viewer.</p>
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<p>The matching <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code> is highlighted with a yellow background in the code viewer. If any code in the file also matches a query from the standard query library for that language, you will see a red alert message at the appropriate point within the code.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<section id="about-the-query-structure">
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<h3>About the query structure<a class="headerlink" href="#about-the-query-structure" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>After the initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement, this simple query comprises three parts that serve similar purposes to the FROM, WHERE, and SELECT parts of an SQL query.</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Query part</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>Purpose</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>Details</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">go</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Imports the standard CodeQL libraries for Go.</p></td>
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<td><p>Every query begins with one or more <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statements.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">Method</span> <span class="pre">m,</span> <span class="pre">Variable</span> <span class="pre">recv,</span> <span class="pre">Write</span> <span class="pre">w,</span> <span class="pre">Field</span> <span class="pre">f</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines the variables for the query.
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Declarations are of the form:
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><type></span> <span class="pre"><variable</span> <span class="pre">name></span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>We declare:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code> as a variable for all methods</p></li>
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<li><p>a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> variable, which is the receiver of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code></p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code> as the location in the code where the receiver is modified</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code> as the field that is written when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code> is called</p></li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span> <span class="pre">recv</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">m.getReceiver()</span> <span class="pre">and</span>
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<span class="pre">w.writesField(recv.getARead(),</span> <span class="pre">f,</span> <span class="pre">_)</span> <span class="pre">and</span>
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<span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">recv.getType()</span> <span class="pre">instanceof</span> <span class="pre">PointerType</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines a condition on the variables.</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">m.getReceiver()</span></code> states that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> must be the receiver variable of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code>.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w.writesField(recv.getARead(),</span> <span class="pre">f,</span> <span class="pre">_)</span></code> states that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code> must be a location in the code where field <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code> of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> is modified.
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We use a <a class="reference internal" href="../ql-language-reference/expressions.html#don-t-care-expressions"><span class="std std-ref">‘don’t-care’ expression</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span></code>
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for the value that is written to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code>—the actual value doesn’t matter in this query.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">recv.getType()</span> <span class="pre">instanceof</span> <span class="pre">PointerType</span></code> states that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code> is not a pointer method.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span> <span class="pre">w,</span> <span class="pre">"This</span> <span class="pre">update</span> <span class="pre">to</span> <span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">+</span>
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<span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">has</span> <span class="pre">no</span> <span class="pre">effect,</span> <span class="pre">because</span> <span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">recv</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">pointer."</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines what to report for each match.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> statements for queries that are used to find instances of poor coding practice are always in the form:
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span> <span class="pre"><program</span> <span class="pre">element>,</span> <span class="pre">"<alert</span> <span class="pre">message>"</span></code></p>
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</td>
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<td><p>Reports <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code> with a message that explains the potential problem.</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="extend-the-query">
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<h2>Extend the query<a class="headerlink" href="#extend-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Query writing is an inherently iterative process. You write a simple query and then, when you run it, you discover examples that you had not previously considered, or opportunities for improvement.</p>
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<section id="remove-false-positive-results">
|
||
<h3>Remove false positive results<a class="headerlink" href="#remove-false-positive-results" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Among the results generated by the first iteration of this query, you can find cases where a value method is called but the receiver variable is returned. In such cases, the change to the receiver is not invisible to the caller, so a pointer method is not required. These are false positive results and you can improve the query by adding an extra condition to remove them.</p>
|
||
<p>To exclude these values:</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic">
|
||
<li><p>Extend the where clause to include the following extra condition:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>not exists(ReturnStmt ret | ret.getExpr() = recv.getARead().asExpr())
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span></code> clause is now:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>where e.isPure() and
|
||
recv = m.getReceiver() and
|
||
w.writesField(recv.getARead(), f, _) and
|
||
not recv.getType() instanceof PointerType and
|
||
not exists(ReturnStmt ret | ret.getExpr() = recv.getARead().asExpr())
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>Click <strong>Run</strong>.</p>
|
||
<p>There are now fewer results because value methods that return their receiver variable are no longer reported.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/9110448975027954322/">See this in the query console</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="further-reading">
|
||
<h2>Further reading<a class="headerlink" href="#further-reading" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql-go/tree/main/ql/src">CodeQL queries for Go</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql-go/tree/main/ql/examples">Example queries for Go</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://codeql.github.com/codeql-standard-libraries/go/">CodeQL library reference for Go</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../ql-language-reference/index.html#ql-language-reference"><span class="std std-ref">QL language reference</span></a>”</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../codeql-overview/codeql-tools.html#codeql-tools"><span class="std std-ref">CodeQL tools</span></a>”</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
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</section>
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