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<section id="basic-query-for-c-and-c-code">
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<span id="basic-query-for-cpp-code"></span><h1>Basic query for C and C++ code<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-query-for-c-and-c-code" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Learn to write and run a simple CodeQL query using LGTM.</p>
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<section id="about-the-query">
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<h2>About the query<a class="headerlink" href="#about-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The query we’re going to run performs a basic search of the code for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statements that are redundant, in the sense that they have an empty then branch. For example, code such as:</p>
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<div class="highlight-cpp notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="running-the-query">
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<h2>Running the query<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ol class="arabic">
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<li><p>In the main search box on LGTM.com, search for the project you want to query. For tips, see <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/help/lgtm/searching">Searching</a>.</p></li>
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<li><p>Click the project in the search results.</p></li>
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<li><p>Click <strong>Query this project</strong>.</p>
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<p>This opens the query console. (For information about using this, see <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/help/lgtm/using-query-console">Using the query console</a>.)</p>
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>Alternatively, you can go straight to the query console by clicking <strong>Query console</strong> (at the top of any page), selecting <strong>C/C++</strong> from the <strong>Language</strong> drop-down list, then choosing one or more projects to query from those displayed in the <strong>Project</strong> drop-down list.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</li>
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<li><p>Copy the following query into the text box in the query console:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>import cpp
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from IfStmt ifstmt, BlockStmt block
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where ifstmt.getThen() = block and
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block.getNumStmt() = 0
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select ifstmt, "This 'if' statement is redundant."
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>LGTM checks whether your query compiles and, if all is well, the <strong>Run</strong> button changes to green to indicate that you can go ahead and run the query.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p>Click <strong>Run</strong>.</p>
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<p>The name of the project you are querying, and the ID of the most recently analyzed commit to the project, are listed below the query box. To the right of this is an icon that indicates the progress of the query operation:</p>
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<img alt="../_images/query-progress.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/query-progress.png" />
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>Your query is always run against the most recently analyzed commit to the selected project.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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<p>The query will take a few moments to return results. When the query completes, the results are displayed below the project name. The query results are listed in two columns, corresponding to the two expressions in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> clause of the query. The first column corresponds to the expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ifstmt</span></code> and is linked to the location in the source code of the project where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ifstmt</span></code> occurs. The second column is the alert message.</p>
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<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/4242591143131494898/">Example query results</a></p>
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<blockquote class="pull-quote">
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<div><p>Note</p>
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<p>An ellipsis (…) at the bottom of the table indicates that the entire list is not displayed—click it to show more results.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</li>
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<li><p>If any matching code is found, click a link in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ifstmt</span></code> column to view the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement in the code viewer.</p>
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<p>The matching <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement is highlighted with a yellow background in the code viewer. If any code in the file also matches a query from the standard query library for that language, you will see a red alert message at the appropriate point within the code.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<section id="about-the-query-structure">
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<h3>About the query structure<a class="headerlink" href="#about-the-query-structure" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>After the initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement, this simple query comprises three parts that serve similar purposes to the FROM, WHERE, and SELECT parts of an SQL query.</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Query part</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>Purpose</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>Details</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">cpp</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Imports the standard CodeQL libraries for C/C++.</p></td>
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<td><p>Every query begins with one or more <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statements.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">IfStmt</span> <span class="pre">ifstmt,</span> <span class="pre">BlockStmt</span> <span class="pre">block</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines the variables for the query.
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Declarations are of the form:
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><type></span> <span class="pre"><variable</span> <span class="pre">name></span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>We use:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IfStmt</span></code> variable for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statements</p></li>
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<li><p>a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BlockStmt</span></code> variable for the statement block</p></li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span> <span class="pre">ifstmt.getThen()</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">block</span> <span class="pre">and</span> <span class="pre">block.getNumStmt()</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines a condition on the variables.</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ifstmt.getThen()</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">block</span></code> relates the two variables. The block must be the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">then</span></code> branch of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">block.getNumStmt()</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> states that the block must be empty (that is, it contains no statements).</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span> <span class="pre">ifstmt,</span> <span class="pre">"This</span> <span class="pre">'if'</span> <span class="pre">statement</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">redundant."</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Defines what to report for each match.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> statements for queries that are used to find instances of poor coding practice are always in the form:
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span> <span class="pre"><program</span> <span class="pre">element>,</span> <span class="pre">"<alert</span> <span class="pre">message>"</span></code></p>
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</td>
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<td><p>Reports the resulting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement with a string that explains the problem.</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="extend-the-query">
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<h2>Extend the query<a class="headerlink" href="#extend-the-query" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Query writing is an inherently iterative process. You write a simple query and then, when you run it, you discover examples that you had not previously considered, or opportunities for improvement.</p>
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<section id="remove-false-positive-results">
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<h3>Remove false positive results<a class="headerlink" href="#remove-false-positive-results" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Browsing the results of our basic query shows that it could be improved. Among the results you are likely to find examples of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statements with an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> branch, where an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">then</span></code> branch does serve a purpose. For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-cpp notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
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<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">strcmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"-verbose"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// nothing to do - handled earlier</span>
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<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unrecognized option"</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>In this case, identifying the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement with the empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">then</span></code> branch as redundant is a false positive. One solution to this is to modify the query to ignore empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">then</span></code> branches if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement has an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> branch.</p>
|
||
<p>To exclude <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statements that have an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> branch:</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic">
|
||
<li><p>Extend the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span></code> clause to include the following extra condition:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>and not ifstmt.hasElse()
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span></code> clause is now:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-ql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>where ifstmt.getThen() = block and
|
||
block.getNumStmt() = 0 and
|
||
not ifstmt.hasElse()
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>Click <strong>Run</strong>.</p>
|
||
<p>There are now fewer results because <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statements with an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> branch are no longer reported.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>➤ <a class="reference external" href="https://lgtm.com/query/1899933116489579248/">See this in the query console</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="further-reading">
|
||
<h2>Further reading<a class="headerlink" href="#further-reading" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/cpp/ql/src">CodeQL queries for C and C++</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/github/codeql/tree/main/cpp/ql/examples">Example queries for C and C++</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://codeql.github.com/codeql-standard-libraries/cpp/">CodeQL library reference for C and C++</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../ql-language-reference/index.html#ql-language-reference"><span class="std std-ref">QL language reference</span></a>”</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“<a class="reference internal" href="../codeql-overview/codeql-tools.html#codeql-tools"><span class="std std-ref">CodeQL tools</span></a>”</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
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|
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|
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</article>
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